A B S T R A C T
Information technologies are increasingly important for political and social activism. In particular, web 2.0 tools
and social media applications have recently played a significant role in influencing government decisionmaking
and shaping the relationships between governments, citizens, politicians, and other social actors. After the Arab
Spring and the uprisings that have led to significant political changes in Egypt, Tunisia, and Iran, commentators
argue that information technologies have the potential to strengthen socialmovements and ultimately transform
society. However, this influence is not new. There were movements in the 90s, using the new technologies of
e-mail and websites, which were able to gather significant social attention and generate political pressure.
Based on three Mexican social and political movements that span close to 20 years, this article identifies key
similarities and differences in the use of information technologies and proposes a framework to understand
the evolution of cyberactivism. Initially, activists used information technologies to promote a movement’s
main ideas and gain global support. More recently, a single tool or application, such as Twitter, has been the technological
basis for certain social and political movements. However, there is a trend towards a more integrated
use of social media tools and applications, generating what could be called cyberactivism 2.0. In addition, there
are some distinguishable stages in the development of social protests using information technologies; this
evolutionary model seems to be useful to understand very different social and political movements using very
different levels of technological sophistication.
© 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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کد محصول : شماره 175
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