The development ofagriculture, or the intentional production of plants and animals for human use, allowed people to settle in one place and form villages and cities. These terms all describe an organism that has a copy of agenenot previously found in that species. Genetically modified animals have recently entered the market as well. How does selective breeding (artificial selection) benefit livestock producers? Artificial selection is a process of selective breeding that has been used by humans for thousands of years. It can increase the yields from animal-related food products. This piece previously was published on 26 January 2014 in slightly different form. Explain to students that they will be rotating through 4 stations. Some of the traits traits have developed over the centuries include: Increased size and muscle mass (beef) wild banana, wild watermelon, ancient carrot and corn). Today, there are only 9 million dairy cows in the United States compared to 25 million cows in 1950; . Allow students to look at the ancient/wild varieties of food and guess what it is. This practice would also increase herbicide residues on produce. Some animals selectively bred for the meat (beef cattle) while others were bred for the milk (dairy cattle). Here are some of the other advantages and disadvantages of selecting breeding that are important to think about. Selective breeding has produced breeds that are more tolerant to different climates and conditions. =Selective Breeding - Cow= Once the specific characteristics of the plant or animal have been identified with appropriate parentage, multiple generations can be produced at the same location to create the changes which are desired. A sharp conflict can be found when breeding for production traits increases traits that negatively impact health. Sometimes selective breeding is carried so far that, although the desired characteristics are present, other weaknesses have developed as well. There is also the potential of a genetic mutation occurring that can render the process useless. For example, cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cauliflower, and kale were all developed from a single species of wild mustard plant (figure \(\PageIndex{b}\)). What is selective breeding? There may be spontaneous changes to the traits that become highly desired as well. (. Following the video, make a Venn Diagram with students to identify the similarities and differences between natural selection and artificial selection (also known as selective breeding). NASEM. Today, artificial . Web. That means it may take 25-50 years for the desired traits to become a foundational component of a plant or animal. 3 examples of selective breeding in animals - LifeOnSphere By focusing on multi-trait selection, farmers have managed to create an efficient animal that is also a healthy animal. Virgen de Lourdes. 5 min read. 4. Selective breeding took a giant step ahead later in the decade. By the end of the decade, the Hawaiian papaya industry and the livelihoods of many farmers were saved thanks to the free distribution of Dr. Gonsalves's seeds. Adjust the time limit as necessary. Belgian Blue is a breed of beef cattle in Belian. The Belgian Blue's extremely lean, hyper-sculpted, ultra-muscular physique is termed, "double-muscling". GMO work may alter the DNA and genetic profiles of plants and animals to produce these results quickly, but selective breeding does so without the potential dangers of GMOs. Selective breeding islimited, however, by the life cycle of the plant and the genetic variants that are naturally present. Plants and animals evolve over time to match the changing conditions of our planet. He has written for scientific publications such as the HVDC Newsletter and the Energy and Automation Journal. It might produce more meat for human conception, but the quality of life for the animal would be reduced for human convenience. Likewise, 8% of cotton and 10% of corn crops were modified for herbicide resistance in addition to the 83% of cotton and 79% of corn crops that were genetically modified in multiple ways. Prompt students to think about what they have learned about selective breeding. Impact of Selection on Environment and World Population, Bull Selection Based on Economic Values for Genomically Tested Herds, Applying genomic information to herd females. If these crops were successfully engineered, they could reduce synthetic fertilizer application and minimize nutrient runoff that leads to eutrophication. For example, if a gene engineered to confer herbicide resistance were to pass from a genetically modified crop to a wild relative, it might transform the wild species into a super weed a species that could not be controlled by herbicide. Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects, Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture. [http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/animalwelfare/dairy.pdf natural selection and its impact on the well-being of dairy cows] Summarize by explaining that bioengineered seed varieties (GMOs) are created using a scientific process called transgenesis which refers to the process of transferring a gene from one organism to another with the intent of acquiring a new genetic trait. The modified plant cells are given hormones to produce the entire plant. Students identify technologies that have changed the way humans affect the inheritance of desired traits in organisms; compare and contrast selective breeding methods to genetic engineering techniques; and analyze data to determine the best solution for cultivating selected desired traits in organisms. Because genes can be obtained from other species or even synthesized in the lab, scientists are not limited by existing genetic variation within a crop species (or closely related species with which they can be crossed). Compared to 1977, todays beef ranchers are producing the same amount of beef with 33%fewercattle.10It is important to note that proper nutrition, better health care, and goodanimal husbandryalso play a key role in improving genetics. 6644-6649. doi:10.1073/pnas.1718031115, Farrell, Lindsay L, et al. Examples of selective breeding of domesticated animals can be seen in horse, cows and dogs; Example 1: Horse Breeding. The human food chain can be stabilized. As discussed above, however, it is known that both traditional breeding practices and modern genetic engineering produce permanent genetic changes. A Recipe for Genetics: Selective Breeding and Transgenics - agclassroom.org A genetically modified crop is a crop that has had its genetic makeup altered in order to produce a more desirable outcome, such as resistance to disease, drought tolerance, or change in size.1This type of plant breeding differs from selective breeding because scientists take the desirable gene from one organisms DNA andtransfer it to another organisms DNA, creating a new, stronger productone that is impossible to produce through traditional breeding.1. Selective Breeding - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics The many breeds of dogs are an example of how selective breeding can develop certain traits. In fact, selective breeding is one of the earliest forms of biotechnology, and it's responsible for many of the plants and animals that we know today. "We've Been Genetically Altering Plants for Thousands of Years." . It may lead to a lack of variety in plant or animal species. For example, mastitis (a disease that is characterized by a painful inflammation of the udder) has been genetically correlated to high milk yield. 1. How much milk does a cow produce due to selective breeding? In each case there has to be an initial characteristic present in the plant or animal that is then augmented through selective breeding. In selective breeding, a breeder chooses two parents with beneficial phenotypic traits to reproduce, yielding offspring with those desired traits. preservationist approach:Breeding is only successful if it conserves species and promotes naturally occurring genetic events. By artificially breeding them for selected traits, we are altering that path. This website is managed by National Center for Agricultural Literacy at Utah State University (2023) and supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), under Agreement No. Scientists believe that the domestic dog evolved from the wild gray wolf (Canis lupus), and through artificial selection, humans were able to create hundreds of different dog breeds. Humans can influence the inheritance of traits by selecting only parents that have desired traits through a process called selective breeding (also known as artificial selection). Animals can be selectively bred to take less development time before they enter the human food chain. Lets say a community wishes to plant corn in the desert. When one specific trait is desired, specific family groups are often used to create the needed offspring. Selective breeding means choosing the plants or animals that have the most pronounced desirable characteristics and breeding them. Rapid growth in production animals has the potential to decrease health, resulting in animal welfare issues. The development of a new crop varietyis an example of agricultural biotechnology,a range of tools that include both traditional breeding techniques and more modern lab-based methods. What are the negative impacts of these issues? Armed with recent advances in genomics, scientists are beginning to answer this question. Technology can increase our ability to select and perpetuate helpful genetic traits in the plants and animals that provide our food. Selective breeding has also lead to focus on increasing animal longevity and disease resistance in cattle, allowing cows to live longer and healthier lives. Selective breeding otherwise known as artificial selection is the process in which humans use animal breeding to selectively develop specific phenotype traits by choosing which animals will sexually reproduce and have offspring together. 1, 2015. doi:10.1186/s40575-015-0014-9. Genetically modified organisms(GMOs) are those that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering. Proper selective breeding relies on a balance between the ethical, commercial, consumer, and legal concerns. Many domestic animals and plants are the result of centuries of selective breeding. In the livestock industry, todays cattle are also evidence of successful selective breeding. Some farmers may be able to identify crops or animals from their own resources to begin engaging in this process. Producer Usage of Genetics | Cornell Applied Dairy Cattle Genetics 2, 2011, p. 216. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-2-216. There may even be a higher risk of randomized mutations occurring with selective breeding, though no research currently examines this risk factor. Olsson, Anna, Christian Gamborg, and Peter Sandoe. By selectively breeding cattle, farmers can attempt to improve the behavior (i.e. Invited review: Breeding and ethical perspectives on genetically quality of life approach: Breeding is only successful if it increases the quality of the animals life2. Corn, or maize, is an unusual product of selective breeding. The average dairy cow today is able to produce 2,429 gallons of milk in one year.13Beef production has seen similar success. The potential of genetically modified crops to be allergenic is one of the potential adverse health effects, and it should continue to be studied, especially because some scientific evidenceindicates that animals fed genetically modified crops have been harmed. New Phytologist, vol. Thus, for the safety of the environment and human health, both should be adequately studied. Now ask students what other technologies or management practices can affect desired traits in livestock. Dogs and cows are often selectively bred. Genetic selection for temperament traits in dairy and beef cattle Sandoe, P, B L. Nielsen, L G. Christensen, and P Sorensen. This broadens the possible traits that can be added to crops. Selective breeding of domesticated animals has also resulted in the generation of diverse breeds of offspring. Genetically modified foods are widespread in the United States. The earliest records of maize indicate that the plant was developed in southern Mexico 6,000-10,000 years ago from a grass called teosinte. A more traditional approach employs the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens(figure \(\PageIndex{d}\)). The focus today remains on cumulative improvement, focusing on both production and health traits. Unlike rice, wheat, and cabbage, which have clear ancestors, there is no wild plant that looks like corn. ===A2 Milk=== *Increased size and muscle mass (beef) Over the years, selective breeding has done everything from create larger fruits to horse breeds that have specific gaits. Ask students to think about animal traits. Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. According too the classic utilitarian view on animal breeding, the sole concern of selective mating should be to obtain the highest level of pleasure minus suffering for both the animals and the humans. Have humans influenced animal traits and genetics? Cow Edition. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.CCRA.SL.3 Evaluate a speakers point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric. If the decision is made to implement . Nearly all Holsteins in the U.S. and abroad descend from just two bulls . Max Carol started writing for Treehugger in 2016 while still a student at Cornell University; he has since graduated with a long list of accolades. A greater understanding of breeding programs and effects has lead to selective breeding being a valuable tool,both for farmers and their animals. The single best genetic management tool available for improved reproduction in commercial beef operations is crossbreeding. Huson, Heather. Selective Breeding Since cattle domestication, humans have been actively involved in the selection of animals, leading to domestication. June 6, 2015 Marc Brazeau Agriculture, Food Safety, Science 1. Through interbreeding, or hybridization, genetically modified crops might share their transgeneswith wild relatives. Elizabeth MacLennan is a fact checker and expert on climate change. Over that time, we have created hundreds of unique breeds with different shapes, sizes, and coat colors. An early study found that Bt cornpollen may be harmful tomonarch caterpillars (figure \(\PageIndex{n}\)), but only at concentrations that are seldom reached in nature. This could make some native species better competitors than they were previously, disrupting ecosystem dynamics. 8. Selective breeding doesnt pose the same risks to bees and other pollinators that other forms of artificial selection provide. Molecular Genetics (Biology): An Overview, University of Utah: Crop Improvement Methods. (DNA is negatively charge and clings to positively charged gold.) [http://phys.org/news/2013-05-diet-methane-cows.html ecological implication - methane] Selective breeding is a technology that aims to improve the value of animal genetic diversity. Today, there are only 9 million dairy cows in the United States compared to 25 million cows in 1950; however, todays dairy cows are producing 60% more milk.12In 1944, the average dairy cow produced 548 gallons of milk in one year. Figure illustrating the founder effect Founder Effect. Cows were domesticated through selective breeding more than 10,000 years ago. Selective breeding - Feeding the human race - OCR Gateway - GCSE - BBC Genetically modified organisms(GMOs) can also be referred to asgenetically engineered(GE) ortransgenic. The process of selective breeding becomes about humans only. In 1938 a group of dairy farmers organized into a cooperative to manage the selective breeding of dairy cows by artificial insemination. Selective breeding involves selecting parents that have characteristics of interest in the hope that their offspring inherit those desirable characteristics. There may be evolutionary changes that harm the planet. Ask students to brainstorm possible solutions. Discuss each of the issues as a class. Set a timer. How does selective breeding in the dairy industry affect, Which Jersey cows did students select to maintain a high butterfat content in the herd? The successful results of selective breeding throughout the years can be seen in crop and livestock production today. When mixing such a large number of genes, the results can be unpredictable. Accessed 11 May 2015. 16 Advantages and Disadvantages of Selective Breeding Once planted, however, that corn takes water resources away from other plants or animals. Rainbow and SunUp papayas are a success story of how genetically modified crops can benefit small farmers and the economy in general. Biotechnology includes any use of science or technology to alter the genetic characteristics of a particular plant or animal. It provides improvements to the plants or animals. Online he has written extensively on science-related topics in math, physics, chemistry and biology and has been published on sites such as Digital Landing and Reference.com He holds a Bachelor of Science degree from McGill University. Modified by Melissa Ha from the following sources: This page titled 14.3: Selective Breeding and Genetic Engineering is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Melissa Ha and Rachel Schleiger (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative) .
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