Thank you for your organizations important work supporting good governance and fostering peace globally. The OSCEs executive structures, institutions and field operations address human rights andrule of law, corruption and crime control, discrimination and inequality, economic, labour, andmigration policies. To save content items to your account, This chapter assesses the implications of UN SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions for both forests and people. Reference Hansen, Lund and Treue2009, Obiri et al. Of significance here, state governments are tasked with SDG implementation when they themselves are sometimes the leading perpetrators of violence. Feature Flags: { In the haste to issue permits to meet ambitious targets, and given the complexity of the permitting process, many members of communities holding such permits lack awareness of the rights and responsibilities the permits entail.Footnote 11 Some community members consider the permits additional burdens if the forestlands allocated to them are neither productive nor easily accessible. Partnerships for the goals Targets. FLEGT mechanisms include the EU Timber Regulation, which prohibits the import of wood into the EU that was produced in violation of the laws of the country of origin (EC 2010), and Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) with partner countries in the Global South, for the development of legality licensing systems (EC 2005). In recognition of this, the government of Indonesia has recently spearheaded a major push towards social forestry, with an ambitious target to allocate 12.7 million ha of forest area to local and Indigenous communities by 2019, as stipulated by a series of social forestry policies.Footnote 9 These policies have the triple objectives of securing communities access to forest resources, alleviating poverty and improving forest conditions. WebGoal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Image:REUTERS/Adnan Abidi. Many national laws governing forests and land use favour political elite, large-scale industry actors and international trade. Peace, justice, and strong institutions are three essential elements of a stable and prosperous society. Abstract and Figures. This slow progress is due, in part, to long and arduous government procedures, and overlapping claims over forestlands (Arumingtyas Reference Arumingtyas2018, HUMA 2015). This aligns, at least in part, with trends in international governance to promote global transparency as a means to facilitate a level playing field for international trade. The relevant lesson for SDG 16 is that the effect of international demands for transparency and accountability on forest-dependent peoples depends on what is being made transparent and accountable, and to whom. This could further disempower rural communities and undermine their access to natural resources, while contributing to increased urban and international commodity consumption. 24 Jun 2023 02:43:56 PEACE, JUSTICE, AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS: WHY THEY MATTER Whats the goal here? Total loading time: 0 Section 16.3 synthesises lessons learned on how context shapes the impacts of SDG 16 implementation, and the implications for promoting inclusive and environmentally effective governance. WebThe importance of building strong institutions finds voice in Canadas commitment to the Open Government Partnership and the development of a National Action Plan, including an Open Justice commitment. [link: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/fragilityconflictviolence/brief/harmonized-list-of-fragile-situations Classification of Fragility and Conflict Situations for World Bank Group Engagement], Source: World Bank. 2 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Reference Burgess, Miguel and Stanton2015, Harwell Reference Harwell2010, McNeely Reference McNeely2003). Corruption is costly: politically, in terms of eroding democracy and the rule of law; economically, by wasting public resources and deterring investment; and socially, by diminishing citizens trust in the political system and its leadership. Does community forest management provide global environmental benefits and improve local welfare? This failures impact on forests remains to be studied. Gender forms a central theme and a priority for the Swedish Development Agency (Sida) and Sida was instrumental in supporting the World Bank to make participation of different groups central to questions of development aid. Goal 16 - Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions | SDGs | SDG 16 Peace, justice, and strong institutions: The essential Peace, justice and strong institutions (Reference McDermott, Mahanty and Schreckenberg2013) highlight how equity and justice are socially constructed, and must be understood in the context of how they are defined and by whom, what their goals are and who counts as legitimate subjects of justice or equity. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions Achieving peaceful, just and inclusive societies is a common aim of all of the OSCEs work on the many and varied aspects of security. Why do the Sustainable Development Goals matter? It is critical to keep a power-informed perspective in the implementation of SDG 16 that acknowledges these trade-offs and leaves room for healthy conflicts and struggles among state and non-state actors alike. At ACK Cathedral Thika Today it's a celebration #KarobiaThanksgiving . of your Kindle email address below. In Peru, some regions saw displacement to areas with high forest cover in search of safer, more stable living environments (Shanee and Shanee Reference Shanee and Shanee2016). Our focus here is deliberately broad, and encompasses a range of practices which include community-based forestry, participatory forest management and other associated frames. Regarding the net effect of conflict on forests in Colombia and Peru, several main effects have been observed. This strategy includes a climate-smart cocoa production approach focused on increasing yields (productivity per unit area) through the adoption of best practices and recommended shade levels, combined with community-based landscape governance and land-use planning processes. Within this trend, Sweden played a leading role in highlighting the importance of peoples participation in decision-making, as well as serving as an international champion for gender equality. Despite inclusive processes at the national and provincial levels, Indigenous and local communities are at risk of being minimally involved at the village level due to the rush to achieved targeted hectares allocated for social forestry schemes. Document - Factsheet - OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina - Good governance, Economic and environmental dimension, Rule of law, Human dimension. Furthermore, as highlighted by Scott(Reference Setyowati1998) and Rudel et al. 1 in 3 internet users worldwide is a child. PEACE, JUSTICE, AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS: WHY This could in part explain the strong implied focus within SDG 16 on state-associated institutions, with much reference to laws, legal enforcement, legal recognition, public officials and other state-centric language. Find out more. In this context, governance may be broadly defined as the formation and stewardship of the formal and informal rules that regulate the public realm, the arena in which state as well as economic and societal actors interact to make decisions (Hyden et al. Peace The New York Declaration on Forests, signed by 27 national governments and numerous corporations and NGOs, includes a claim that policies and measures to address illegal logging have proven very effective in reducing forest loss (UN Climate Summit 2014). SDG 16 provides an opportunity to overcome the stereotypes of the Global North as the referential role model for peace and democracy, by highlighting the role of the North in fostering market inequalities and global conflicts, and drawing attention to barriers to democratic and inclusive participation within the Global North. Field observations of social forestry policy implementation in several sites in Central Kalimantan suggest that local and Indigenous communities are minimally engaged in the issuance of social forestry permits. Although there are legal provisions for farmers to be compensated for damage to their cocoa plants and for community benefits to be provided through Social Responsibility Agreements, these are often ignored, and the majority of benefits are captured by local elites. Reference Obiri, Bright, McDonald, Anglaaere and Cobbina2007, Ruf Reference Ruf2011, Wade et al. In other regions, the FARC and the Shining Path encouraged coca cultivation, leading to deforestation (lvarez Reference lvarez2003). Sustainable cities & communities, 12 The Missions CTHB efforts draw on its comprehensive trial monitoring programme, which covers all criminal cases related to human trafficking adjudicated by the judiciary across Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Justice .chakra .wef-facbof{display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-facbof{display:block;}}You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. Case Study 16.3 illustrates Indonesias high levels of ambition and investment in community forestry, as well as the many challenges and trade-offs faced in realising that ambition. It is important to distinguish between measures that lead to decreases in direct violence (e.g. Through the Political Outreach and Elections Unit, the Mission is monitoring political and other relevant activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the region and assesses trends that might affect the political/security situation and its political impact on the Missions mandate implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Webcalls for promoting peaceful and inclusive societies, providing access to justice for all and building effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions. In 2022, civilians across the world faced more than 116,000 violent events a third of them in Ukraine. Reference Baynes, Herbohn, Smith, Fisher and Bray2015, Gnych et al. Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, Goal 12: Sustainable Consumption and Production, Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions. Then enter the name part Villagers are thus drawn into a shifting assemblage of international governance, and are subject to new identifications as entrepreneurs and responsible environmental citizens, meant to look after the global commons. Document - Factsheet - OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina - Human rights, Human dimension, Rule of law, Human dimension. There is also evidence of elite capture (Maryudi et al. Applying a universalising discourse of transparency, as a taken-for-granted social good and antidote to corruption, assumes the existence of a functioning state with clear and equitable rules and an even-handed judiciary. In both countries, the conflicts were linked to inequality and calls for land reforms. This overlooks how complex patronclient relations generally arise in the absence of strong state institutions with widespread legitimacy (Peluso Reference Peluso2018), and how accusations of corruption are frequently harnessed for political gain (Khan Reference Khan1998). Importantly, the impact of armed conflict on forests is not always consistent at national or regional levels. Oil, gold, cocoa, timber and agriculture are the main resources underpinning the Ghanaian economy. These dynamics are influenced by a range of larger governance trends, as well as by complex local particularities. In the coming decades, it is possible that organised crime will dominate forest-based armed conflicts, as has happened in Peru and Colombia where Mexican drug cartels have taken over from insurgence groups. Understanding the SDGs: Goal 16 - Peace, Justice, and Strong International actors and large-scale industry also play a role in forest conflict, for example when agricultural and mining firms compete with local communities for land and resources. WebView the methodology for Impact Rankings 2023: peace, justice and strong institutions (SDG 16) Universiti Sains Malaysia leads the ranking. This conclusion speaks to the two operationalising targets of SDG 16 (16A and 16B), focused on institutions and non-discriminatory laws and policies. These examples highlight the importance of (1) the particularities of the armed groups activities (e.g. 16 - Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions In many parts of the world more participatory approaches to forest management have been formalised through community-based or collaborative forest management. Forest-related conflict: Impact, links, and measures to mitigate, International peacebuilding: A theoretical and quantitative analysis, Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Proposal for an EU Action Plan, Council Regulation (EC) No 2173/2005 on the establishment of a FLEGT licensing scheme for imports of timber into the European Community, Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 laying down the obligations of operators who place timber and timber products on the marketText with EEA relevance, Disempowering democracy: Local representation in community and carbon forestry in Africa, Mewujudkan Hak Rakyat: Reformasi Penguasaan Tanah dan Pengelolaan Hutan, Proceedings of Academic Papers for Tenure Conference 2017. Bowler et al. Donovan et al. An integrated approach is crucial for progress across the multiple goals. A better understanding of the links between environment and human security is vital for effective conflict prevention, post-conflict reconstruction and promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies. Chapter 16 - SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions A Peacebuilding is intended to promote transitions towards lasting peace by addressing the structural causes of conflict and strengthening the capacity of local actors to overcome conflicts (Doyle and Sambanis Reference Doyle and Sambanis2000). Industry, innovation & infrastructure, 11 Violence across societies | SDG 16: Peace, justice Research was conducted in rural communities in the vicinity of Risaralda, Colombia, a resource-rich region. informal village groups tasked with keeping forests and villages clean, fetching water, planting herbs in the forest) that are frequently overlooked by external actors and researchers (Arora-Jonsson Reference Arora-Jonsson2009). GOAL 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions - UNEP This would allow farmers to negotiate their own agreements with local authorities concerning the harvest and sale of trees on their farms.Footnote 6 These reforms could be tested and refined under existing proposals, such as the community resource management area (CREMA) mechanism, which authorises communities to manage their own resources. WebThe UN explains: Goal 16 of the Sustainable Development Goals is dedicated to the promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, the provision of access to justice for all, and building effective, accountable institutions at all levels. Peace End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children. In areas with gold or lands appropriate for cattle, Snchez-Cuervo and Aide (Reference Snchez-Cuervo and Aide2013) find that the presence of armed groups decreased forest cover. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. You may still be wondering how democracy and peace can encourage a more sustainable development. This landmark decision has been praised by many as a promising pathway for more inclusive and equitable development. 1 in 3 students has been bullied by their peers at school in the last month, and at least 1 in 10 children have experienced cyberbullying. PEACE, JUSTICE, AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS: WHYTHEY MATTER Whats the goal here? Radio Davos has this podcast round-up, Ecocide: How to protect nature and the people who are dying to save it, Sarah Khatry, Edward Kwartler, Kay Firth-Butterfield and Mark Caine, The pandemic has hurt women's health. Regarding the overall impacts of formal participatory forest processes, there is some evidence of positive outcomes for forest cover (Bowler et al. Currently, farmers have little motivation to maintain shade trees because they lack formal rights to native treesFootnote 4 and are therefore incentivised to remove shade trees to minimise the risk that the government will allocate the native trees on their farms to timber concessionaires, who will damage cocoaFootnote 5 when they remove the trees. WebView the methodology for Impact Rankings 2023: peace, justice and strong institutions (SDG 16) Universiti Sains Malaysia leads the ranking. Likewise, Persha and Andersson (Reference Persha and Andersson2014) find that the involvement of external agencies, such as NGOs, can help to reduce the scale and negative effects of elite capture. RT @AsstSecStateAF: Great connecting with Dr. @EroComfort, head of the @CrisisGroup to hear about research their institution compiles on priority foreign policy topics to include Africa. In line with its mandate and relevant OSCE commitments, the OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina contributes to the fight against corruption by supporting the development, adoption, and promotion of anti-corruption regulations at all authority levels as well as their implementation by relevant governmental bodies. In regards to peace, our findings illustrate how peace cannot be separated from the broader context of environmental and social welfare. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels: Click for the full image. The Swedish case unpacks the stereotypes of the Global North as the referential role model of democracy and participation for the Global South. A weekly update of the most important issues driving the global agenda. Given sufficient time and investment, state-orchestrated participation can offer opportunity for non-elites to challenge this elite capture. Has data issue: false This variation is observed both within and between countries, as witnessed in Case Study 16.1 on Colombia and Peru. Most of this literature focuses more on the ends than the means: how conflict does or does not impact forests and people, rather than on how the purpose of the conflict, or how it is suppressed, influences resulting impacts. Reference Fairhead, Leach and Scoones2012, Kaag and Zoomers Reference Kaag and Zoomers2014, Scheidel and Work Reference Scheidel and Work2018). Peacekeeping usually involves military interventions that help transitions towards peace by separating the fighting parties and actively preventing violence from erupting. Under armed conflict conditions, land grabbing is more readily condoned, resulting in communities losing access to forests and their goods and services. 7 For example, tree-tenure reform has also been mooted during FLEGT discussions, but it is REDD+ that is leading the way on current efforts on this issue. peace In contrast, recent literature addressing REDD+ and other payments-for-nature schemes argue that justice, and associated concepts of equity, are better viewed as complex and multi-dimensional, involving many actors both within and beyond the state, and inevitably requiring trade-offs. 246 million children worldwide affected by school-related violence each year. 02 December 2019. In all case countries, except perhaps the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Colombia, the organised armed conflicts have stopped or have transformed into other types of conflict. This also argues against a heavy focus on the standardised, quantitative metrics associated with SDG 16s reporting requirements. The interplay of scale and transparency can also be observed in the concept of a global commons inherent in international climate governance. SDG 16 reflects international agreement on the importance of participatory processes and local decision-making. These measures aim to reduce expansion pressure on forests and to incentivise maintenance and enhancement of carbon stocks in the landscape (Asare Reference Asare2014). The crises of the past year and a half highlight the need for greater international collaboration. This is by no means inevitable and must be addressed. Source: United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Render date: 2023-06-26T13:14:58.847Z While homicide and trafficking Peace, justice, and strong institutions The essential role of resilient and responsive institutions. While SDG 16 emphasises the states role as enforcer of the peace, an over-reliance on state actors to quell violence and promote peace can, in some contexts, have negative environmental and social outcomes, including the assertion of state control through the conversion of forests into commercial agriculture and/or repression of political dissent. 16. Like the previous themes, the indicators under this target strongly imply a focus on state institutions and national-level reporting. States form the core authority behind the SDGs and are responsible for reporting on indicators, which at least partially explains why the language of SDG 16 places such a strong emphasis on state institutions. In such contexts, international sanctions imposed on so-called conflict timber can undermine local economic welfare (Price et al. A growing body of evidence suggests this is currently not the case across many regions worldwide. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. Government apologies, truth commissions and Indigenous self-determination in Canada, Australia, Guatemala and Peru, Feasibility study on options to step up EU action against deforestation, Critical reflections on the Westphalian assumptions of international law and organization: a crisis of legitimacy, CVR (Comissin de la Verdad y Reconciliacin), Peru Truth and Reconciliation Commission Final Report. The Sustainable Development Goals and the sustaining-peace and democracy-support agendas highlight an important role for regional organizations in the promotion of peaceful societies, the provision of justice for all and the building of accountable and inclusive institutions. The OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina demonstrates its clear commitment to combating trafficking in human beings (CTHB) by strengthening domestic authorities capacity to counter this heinous practice. Reference Price, Donovan, de Jong, de Jong, Donovan and Abe2007). Particular focus is placed on three thematic areas: 1) peace and the reduction of armed conflict, 2) the rule of law, accountability, transparency, and access to justice and 3) inclusiveness and participation. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. Post-conflict periods are often associated with forest loss, through state-sponsored settlement schemes and other forms of securitisation of frontier areas, as well as the expansion of agricultural land and resource extraction fuelled by economic recovery and growth. In 2009, Ghana and the EU signed a FLEGT VPA trade agreement to eradicate this illegality and stop the import of illegal wood into the EU (Beeko and Arts Reference Beeko and Arts2010). In the context of forests, this means recognising that forest use, management and governance can fail some people, and that long-term solutions to social and environmental problems, while global in scope, may result in local injustices. The harnessing of EU markets to demand legal verification is likewise a key recommendation listed in an EU-commissioned feasibility study for an action plan to combat deforestation and degradation, where the scope of legality verification is extended to the production of agricultural crops associated with deforestation (COWI 2018). Reference de Jong, Donovan and Ken Ichi2007, Price Reference Price2003) synthesise findings across numerous cases of armed conflicts involving forests and forest peoples worldwide, including the two countries we explore in our case studies: Colombia and Peru. Ghanas timber harvest is three times the annual allowable cut (Hansen et al. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org Stewart Reference Stewart2009). Perus Truth and Reconciliation Commission (CVR) worked in areas affected by the Shining Path to support local communities in their search for peace and reconciliation. * The [link: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/principles-relating-status-national-institutions-paris Paris Principles] are internationally recognized standards used to evaluate the credibility, independence, and effectiveness of national human rights institutions. This chapter makes a strong contribution to SDG 16 as it examines the role of women and livelihood options in fostering sustainable peace. The intent here is to illustrate how the assumed links between legality and sustainability should be more critically and deeply investigated. World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. FARC sometimes used forests for cover and other times promoted deforestation for coca cultivation) and (2) the conflicts location relative to areas of high forest cover (e.g. Reference Hirons, McDermott and Asare2018). 4 A policy reform in 2002 resulted in the amendment of the Timber Resource Management Act 547 to Act 617. They pave the way for the provision of access to justice for all and for building effective, accountable institutions at all levels. Reference Hansen, Rutt and Acheampong2018, Hirons et al. Castro-Nuez et al. Meanwhile, the growing technical, bureaucratic and political complexity of international processes such as REDD+, and associated MRV, decrease their transparency to most global and local citizens, undermining citizens abilities to independently assert whatever rights they do hold (McDermott Reference McDermott2014). Two international policy responses have emerged that align with these concerns: FLEGTs VPA programme and REDD+.Footnote 3 This case study briefly reviews the development of these two strategies in Ghana, comparing key features of their approach to legal reform so as to illustrate differences between strategies that prioritise legal formalisation, auditability and enforcement (top-down) and those that account for customary norms and locally driven governance processes (bottom-up). It highlights how the SDGs are a product of a particular UN process, agreed on by national governments and interpreted and used in the context of international processes, including bi-lateral and multi-lateral finance. The concept of justice articulated in SDG 16 likewise raises questions of justice for what and for whom. Hence, if SDG implementation strengthens state institutions, the rule of law and transparency linked with international trade, it is likely to reinforce existing inequalities, unless it is counter-balanced with legal reforms that strengthen local rights to land and resources. Negotiations toward a post-2015 development framework, Nicaraguas frontier: The Bosawas Biosphere Reserve, The challenge of sustaining peace: Report of the advisory group of experts for the 2015 review of the United Nations peacebuilding architecture, New York Declaration on Forests Declaration and Action Agenda, Management strategies for maximizing carbon storage and tree species diversity in cocoa-growing landscapes, What is global surveillance? WebGoal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions - The Global Goals. By contrasting Swedish policies at home and abroad, Arora-Jonsson (Reference Arora-Jonsson2009, Reference Arora-Jonsson and Marsden2018) deconstructs the development divide the modern state in the Global North versus the not-quite modern state in the Global South and how this might be used to further particular interests in either place.