[2 marks]. This will help them understand the adaptations. Plant reproductive system - Gymnosperms | Britannica Gymnosperms are a type of plant that reproduce by a seed that is not enclosed as with angiosperms who have seeds contained flowers. Identify the male and female structures. How do you think this flower is adapted to make sure that it is pollinated by the bird? The penis grows longer and slightly wider; it begins to ejaculate preparing for reproduction. In some types of gymnosperms, Angiosperms rely on pollinators like bees and other insects for reproduction, but gymnosperms rely on the wind for reproduction. In this chapter we are going to learn about sexual reproduction where two parent organisms mate and their genetic information (DNA) combines to make offspring which look similar, but they are not identical. By not producing petals they can invest in producing more pollen instead. Produces female sex hormones and stores, matures and releases ripe egg cells. Explosive force: In some plants their seed capsules mature and then 'explode', shooting the small, light seeds far away from the parent plant. Cells named microsporocytes are located in the microsporangium and they divide via meiosis, resulting in four haploid microspores. Think about all the different fruits that you can buy in the shops - there are many different shapes, sizes and colours! Learners might refer to the brightly coloured petals, strong scent, the specific length of the stigma, stamen, nectar pouch, etc. As children grow older, they also grow taller, so height is dependent on age. If the woman has an infection with a high temperature, or is on antibiotics, this may also reduce the pill's effectiveness. _______ One sperm enters the outer cover of the egg to fertilise it. These are: Flowers are typically set on a stem which may be long and rigid like a rose or agapanthas stem, or short and flexible like those on a petunia. Stigma is large and feather-like to filter the air and catch the drifting pollen. They should use their rulers and draw a line across from 18 years old to the y-axis to see where it intersects and make an estimate of the height of boys and girls. Place some kitchen roll, toilet paper or tissue in your transparent jar. The team is also looking at ways to modify the crop plants to increase how efficient they are at being pollinated by the wind, for example maize crop plants. But the flower is still big enough with the nectar at the bottom so that the bat has to stick its whole head in and therefore brush against the pollen. Hint: Think of which insects you normally find when there is rotting food around. Different plants have different ways of dispersing the seeds and fruit. You should go through each of the myths to show that they are in fact all myths - they are NOT true. Learners must make sure to label in the correct way, using a ruler to draw straight, parallel label lines pointing and touching the structure to be named. Flowers have large colourful petals to attract pollinators. In some plants the petals are very small and may even be absent. The brightly coloured petals attract pollinators. They are dull in colour (whites, browns and greens). It is the personal preference of the couple. In conifers such as pines, the green leafy part of the plant is the sporophyte, and the cones contain the male and female gametophytes (Figure 1). Plant Biology - Plant Reproduction | Shmoop [3 marks]. The type of reproduction of flowering plants is called double fertilization. Gymnosperms Come From a Group Called Seed Plants Perhaps send them outside to sit by themselves in silence. Let's have a look at some of these. Take some notes on the following lines. ginkgo seeds The maidenhair tree, or ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba ), is classified separately in a group of which it is the sole living representative. What types of pollinators do you think will pollinate this flower? Gymnosperms: Definition, Examples, and Reproduction - ThoughtCo Describe the outer structures of each of these flowers based on their peduncles (stalks) and receptacles, and their sepals and petals. Read the following article from a newspaper called "The Earth Times". Many women (not all) experience different pre-menstrual syndrome symptoms, which can include emotional changes, but this is not always so, and a woman's mood or emotional state should not automatically be attributed to PMS. See if you can think of three adaptations and list them below. Learner-dependent answer. (There will always be a few exceptions of older people who are shorter than younger people, and girls who are taller than boys, but using the average helps us to see the general trend that occurs in most people.). Female stigma is feathery and branched and acts as a filter trapping the pollen that is blown through it. This is beneficial so that not all pods explode at the same time, but they do so in stages. ", "Virgins can not use tampons - they will lose their virginity.". In the same way, the seeds and fruit are adapted for their method of dispersal. The seed is very light so that it can blow in the wind. Angiosperms reproduce by producing flowers (male and female sex cells) and after pollination, seeds - this is called sexual reproduction. There are different contraceptives available today. We will look more at pollination a bit later. What does this tell us about the height of boys and girls up until 6 years old? What specific section of the world do cannibals do not live? The long filaments of the stamens enables the anthers to be exposed to the wind so that the can blow and move in the wind and easily release the pollen. Pollen often sticky or spiky to attach to pollinators. Some of these are life-threatening, like the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), while others cause very painful and long-term symptoms. Girls show a growth spurt between the ages of about 11 and 13. Point out to learners that people often lie and exaggerate when it comes to sex. In wind pollinated flowers, the pollen is very different. that reproduce sexually. Read some of the following comments people have made about menstruation and sex. There are many myths about menstruation and sex which are told by people in our society. Do gymnosperms reproduce sexually or asexually? - TimesMojo Gymnosperm Reproduction. They produce much more pollen compared to the flowers pollinated by animals. (To produce children to continue the existence of our species. These animals come to flowers to feed on the nectar produced by the flowers. However, nowadays, there are many times in a girl's life when her hymen can break without having sex, such as by using a tampon or horseriding, or by doing gymnastics or ballet. It is important that seeds are moved to different habitats than those directly around the parent plant. They think that the huge increase in air pollution and acid rain has affected the wings and flight of these insects. Vegetative reproduction takes place by the formation of bulbils or adventitious buds which develop on the stem in the axil of the scale leaves e.g., Cycas. Explain what changes occur and why these changes are necessary. Long straight peduncle, which is underwater and less rigid than the sunflower so it can sway in the water; there is an inner layer of white petals, and the outer layer are actually white sepals, and not petals. The Sandbox tree that grows in the Amazon Rainforest can fling its seeds anything from 45 to 100 m away at speeds of up to 252 km/h! Height is measured in centimetres (cm) and age is measured in years. Ovules become seeds after fertilisation. Do you think the situation described in this article could happen in the future? All Siyavula textbook content made available on this site is released under the terms of a Menstruation is a normal, natural function of the body and not in any way a disability. It goes along the vertical y-axis. What is a 'pollinator'? The sperm reach the egg cell, and only one of them enters through the outer layer of the egg cell. They hope this will increase the diversity of the population. Gymnosperms are woody plants that bear "naked seeds." They are called naked because their seeds develop exposed on the upper surfaces of cone scales, such . The male structures of flowers are the anthers and filaments, making up the stamens. Identify the structures involved in reproduction of gymnosperms. 7 learner was asked to define the terms puberty, menstruation, fertilisation, pregnancy and conception. Gymnosperm means "naked seed," a name that reflects the fact that gymnosperms have no fruits to protect their seeds. In angiosperm plants, seeds are produced in the flowers. This is because the seeds need to be spread to other areas to grow into a new plant. Figure 1. In flowers that are wind pollinated, they have to rely on the chance that the wind will blow and that it will blow in the right direction. Find the following words in the article and underline them. The following flower is called a Voodoo Lily. The flowers in these photos generally produce a huge amount of pollen. if your body has produced an egg during ovulation there is no reason why sperm will not fertilise the egg and result in pregnancy, even if it is the first time you are having sex. However teachers should be very careful to not degrade or embarrass girls that act in accordance to the religious beliefs of their families but should instead create an open and caring space where learners can discuss this. What do gymnosperms reproduce? - Answers Muscular, elastic tube that can expand to hold the erect penis; sperm swim from the penis in the vagina to the uterus; it also allows the blood-thick lining of the uterus to be expelled once a month during menstruation; during childbirth it is the birth canal through which the baby travels and leaves the mother's body. The cells along the opening are specially designed so they rip open with force. Look at the following image of the seed. This is called. This seed pod might respond to touch to cause the explosion. The flowers produce male and female structures that can either be on the same plant or can be on two separate plants. If you get cold your period will be worse. This makes sure the seeds are ready to be dispersed. It may be useful before starting this section to have a box where learner's can put questions in advance of the lesson. An adaptation refers to the way a behaviour or particular structure of the plant has changed (evolved) over time to best perform its function. What is the relationship between Commerce and economics? 9 Life and Living and so many of the concepts dealt with here will be reinforced later. Identify whether the word is a noun, verb, adverb or adjective. Required fields are marked *. The seed has 'wings' which help it move through the air like a helicopter. Does it make sense to you? Encourage your learners to ask questions and not be inhibited or embarrassed. This should be done as a homework assignment in the lead up to the lesson about menstruation. The independent variable is placed along the horizontal x-axis. There is huge variety in the types of seeds and fruit in the world. General features The vast array of angiosperm floral structures is for sexual reproduction. Remember that angiosperms produce flowers, and their seeds are within a fruit, whereas gymnosperms produce seeds in cones. These seeds have burrs (little hooks) so that they can catch onto the fur of the dog and attach to the dog. In the gymnosperms, the seeds occur individually, exposed at the ends of stalks, sometimes in whorls on an axis, or on the scales of a cone, or megastrobilus. In the second column, state how the seed or seeds are dispersed (for example, by an animal, by the wind, by water etc.). This seed is dispersed by wind. This helps it to move to a spot away from the parent tree so that it can grow somewhere else and not compete with the parent tree for space, water, etc. This image shows the life cycle of a conifer. If this is happening to you, go and speak to someone you trust and ask them to help you solve the problem. Is this correct? Note: You can explain to learners that the height depends on the age of the boys and girls and so the height is the dependent variable. One out of four haploid megaspores is divided to form the multicellular female gametophyte and the remaining three forms the rest of the structure. Vague, inaccurate - if a girl cuts or hurts herself she may also bleed but not as is meant here. In animal pollinated flowers, the pollen is often sticky and clumps together. Why are pollinators also important to humans? Gymnosperms produce male and female cones which are responsible for the production of reproductive cells. Are you allowed to carry food into indira gandhi stadium? Angiosperms can be either unisexual or bisexual, but gymnosperms are unisexual. Long ago, a woman's virginity used to be assessed by whether her hymen was intact, as this breaks during sex. This is not true. You can prevent yourself from being infected with an STD by doing the following: You may want to point out to learners that due to the way that STDs are transmitted from person to person, when having sexual intercourse with a partner you are putting yourself at risk of catching disease from them, or ANY of their previous sexual partners, who in turn could have contracted an STD from any of their sexual partners etc. What's the Difference Between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms? How many people in the homework survey believed that the comments were in fact true? The other male sex cell joins with another cell in the embryo sac to form the. These trees normally grow near water so that when the seeds fall off, they fall into the water to be transported away. Learners must be encouraged to take notes as they will have a question on this at the end of the chapter. Understanding the changes that occur in your body and more specifically understanding why they occur, will help you to manage and cope in the next few years until you become a young adult. This is not true. Let's discuss this some more. You can watch the video of the flower dissection using a hibiscus flower in the visit link provided prior to your lesson so that you know how to do the dissection and guide learners. The shapes and structures of seeds help with this, and so too does the fruit. What is the message that is brought across by the title and article? The loss of pollinators in Southern Africa, specifically wild bees and butterflies, has lead to further crop failures three years in a row. Partners may apply pressure by saying things like "If you love me, you will". Usually, a. In conifers such as pines, the green leafy part of the plant is the sporophyte; the cones contain the male and female gametophytes. That means that, even if the last time you had sex was three days ago during your period, you could now be ovulating and therefore you could get pregnant. We are now going to look at how animals reproduce. It might be useful to brainstorm bad name choices and to discuss the use of the correct terminology to avoid this. What is the role of flowers in reproduction? During puberty the penis and testes develop and mature to fulfil their function in reproduction. Water: Plants that grow in or near water use the water to disperse their seeds. Shown here are the male and female flowers of the maize plant. No nectar - do not need to attract insects. Humans need to reproduce to have children to continue the existence of our species. Plants can be broadly divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms. We will look at flowering plants (angiosperms) as an example of sexual reproduction in plants and at human reproduction as an example of reproduction in animals. How can you tell is a firm is incorporated? Our sexual organs are adapted for these functions. Acorns are dispersed by squirrels who gather the nuts. Bees and butterflies, that were once so common, are almost extinct. In males, the reproductive organs include the penis and two testes hanging in a pouch or bag of skin called the scrotum. Very few viable seeds remain to plant the next crop. Put your letter in a safe place at home where you can often see it to remind yourself of your promise to yourself. These flowers do not need to attract animals with their colourful petals as they rely on the wind for pollination. One of the aims of this chapter is to also educate learners about human reproduction so that they can make informed and responsible choices regarding sexual activity. The flower has nectar for the bat to drink so that the bat comes to the flower. The more pollen there is the greater the chances of pollination. Therefore, when they bird eats the fruit, the seeds pass through the bird and are dispersed far away in the bird's droppings. Look at the following table which contains different kinds of seeds. 14.3 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms - Concepts of Biology - OpenStax Gymnosperms are found throughout the world. Do not copy the definition word for word, but write it in your own words. In Chapter 2 we looked at how to classify organisms, and at the diversity in plants and animals. Learners may battle with this question so you could discuss it as a class. This is natural and should be embraced so that they are educated and can make informed choices about their sexual health going forward. After all, teenage boys can be similarly moody and emotional. The water will not 'wash off' the sperm. There are many different types of pollinators, some of which are shown below. To avoid falling pregnant, you can use contraceptives. The pollen is left on the stigma at the end of the pistil. Ovulation: when the ovary releases a ripe egg cell into the fallopian tube. Their leaves are in the form of needles in conifers. It may be divided into different parts (or locules) and produces the ovules that contain the female reproductive sex cells. Aphids are able to do this. Gymnosperms are heterosporous and sexual reproduction is oogamous type. Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi and Protists reproduce asexually. Take note that learners may confuse the processes of pollination and seed dispersal. However, the presence of seeds isn't the only thing that separates gymnosperms from ferns; a lot of changes happened along the way in the evolution of seed plants. Plants pollinated by wind do not need to attract insects or animals to pollinate them and thus do not need brightly coloured petals. The ovary is the enlarged structure at the base of the pistil. You are 100% unique - there is no one like you on Earth! The period (approximately 40 weeks) from conception to birth, where the foetus develops in the womb or uterus. In conifers such as pines, the green leafy part of the plant is the sporophyte, and the cones contain the male and female gametophytes (Figure 1). During sexual intercourse, the male ejaculates (releases) millions of sperm into the woman's vagina. Resembling angiosperms, the basic life cycle of gymnosperms are characterized by alternation of generations. The generative cell approaches towards the female gametophyte through the micropyle via the pollen tube. Why are seeds in different shapes and sizes, or contained in fruits? Both produce seeds but have different reproductive strategies. Gymnosperms: Features, Classification, Reproduction and Fertilization Add a little sprinkling of water every day to keep the paper towel damp. In flowers that are pollinated by animals, the animals transfer the pollen directly from one flower to the next, so they can produce smaller amounts. To complete the concept map below, fill in the blank spot. Most gymnosperms have reproductive structures called cones. At the time, it may seem like fun and a good idea, but it also means you are much less likely to practice safe sex and could then fall pregnant or contract an STD. The male cells in the pollen is carried to the female sex cells and when they fuse they will create a seed which can grow into a new plant. This is so that it sticks to the animal which is visiting the flower for nectar and can then be carried to the next flower. The pollen has to be taken to the pistil or the female part of the flower. The tiny hooks on seeds and burrs that stick to fur inspired the design of Velcro. The stalk or stem of a flower is called the peduncle. Virginity is about whether a woman has had sexual intercourse or not. Video showing how ripe yellow woodsorrel pods explode to release their seeds. Some flowers especially adapt their petal colours for this to attract different insects. But, also point out that in the end it does not matter what others are doing and who is telling the truth or not, it matters what is best for you. Such positioning makes self-pollination hard because the pollen is shed and is blown by the wind, which the likelihood of experiencing pollination significantly decreases. The 'petals' are in fact individual flowers called ray florets and the centre is made of many disc florets. It is 'feathery' so that it catches the wind and can travel. Discuss their reactions with your class. cones. At this stage in their lives, learners are already very interested in reproduction and the changes that their bodies are going through. Wrong context - that is called fertilise the garden. Be aware that learners might not feel comfortable discussing reproduction in the classroom, and might laugh or make inappropriate jokes to conceal their own discomfort.