The overall proportion of correct classification was around 59percent. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The approach is different from the regression-based approach that is commonly used for analysing marginal effects of characteristics of women on contraceptive use [11]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Int J Gynaecol Obstet. Hindus are located primarily in India, Nepal, and Bali; 2% live outside India including 1.5 million in the United States. 1, pp. Epub 2021 Nov 23. But the onus is always on women," she says. The .gov means its official. Today we have combined oral contraceptives. birth control for a man who desires his wife, but does not want her to For example, women with no surviving child account for more than 8percent of all women included in the analysis but only about 1percent of all contraceptive users. contraception in Hinduism by alisha s - Prezi By 1880, contraceptives and spermicides were advertised. Prevalence of contraception in currently married, nonpregnant women aged 1549 years in India. It appears that young married women who are in the process of their family building do not have either the resolve to go for contraception to postpone the pregnancy or their resolve is road-blocked by supply side factors. "But I told him no," Ms Sharma said. Contraception Hinduism A. R. Chaurasia and S. C. Gulati, India: The State of Population 2007, Government of India, National Population Commission and Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India, 2008. Religious and Cultural Influences on Contraception - ResearchGate Countdown has begun to end of Putin, say Kyiv officials, Zelensky: 'Act of terror' as missile strike kills eight, Actor Julian Sands confirmed dead after remains identified, Van life is far from glamorous on LA's streets, China crackdown pushes LGBT groups into the shadows, The endangered languages that are fighting back. Contraceptive prevalence in the first group was 24.6percent compared to 46.5percent in the second group. What Religions Say About Birth Control And then it becomes a woman's headache. BBC 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Birth Control influences contraceptive behavior. Similarly, women having one surviving child may be willing to postpone their next pregnancy by using a modern contraceptive method but they may be constrained by no or irregular supply of the method. With fewer than one in 10 men - 9.5% - using condoms, female sterilisation remains the most popular method of contraception and has even risen from 36% to 37.9% in the past five years. For things to really change, it's this attitude that needs to change first, says Abhinav Pandey, who led a research project from 2017-2019 in five states - Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan - on the unequal burden of family planning methods on women. In the context of universal access to family planning services, there is a need to enhance the needs effectiveness and increase the capacity efficiency of organised family planning efforts so that these efforts can address specific family planning needs of women with distinct social, economic, and personal characteristics as revealed in the present analysis. Neither Hinduism nor Buddhism prohibit contraceptive use. a daughter or son, is necessary for the fulfillment of ones religious duties I believe it should be the responsibility of both men and women, that they should be partners in this decision. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Section 7 summarises findings of the analysis and draws main conclusions. By Chellapa Deva. But it was not a "foolproof method" and when she conceived - twice - she took over-the-counter abortion pills. "Men are not comfortable talking about sex in open forums. 1, no. Fertil Steril. Read more on India's family survey from the BBC: The endangered languages that are fighting back. Prevalence of contraception in different groups of women. Hinduism Around 47percent of them had no schooling, while less than 5percent had more than 12 years of schooling. Majority of the women were residing in rural areas and were Hindu by religion. This strategy resulted in an increase in the proportion of couples effectively protected from 12.4percent during 1971-72 to 46.5percent during 1995-96 but remained stagnant during 1995-96 through 2003-04 and decreased to 40.4 during 2010-11. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. More than two-third of these women are practising contraception and, among the users, three-fourth have adopted terminal methods of contraception to stop childbearing. This inequality is the result of both size of the group and the pattern of contraceptive use in each group. The standard of living of a household was categorised as very high if the household wealth index was more than the highest wealth quintiles [5]. museum, privacy stance clearly becomes that of population control. 4, pp. Stone, Classification and Regression Trees, Wadsworth, 1984. 172181, 2003. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted certain rules of sexual abstinence for householders. Contraception and religion, a short history, by Kathleen O'Grady, In case of modern spacing methods of contraception, the intergroup variability is found to be very similar to that in case of terminal methods. 8600 Rockville Pike In: Maguire DC, ed. Any analysis based on a single indicator is unlikely to capture all the dimensions of contraceptive method choice. - Quora. "This helped improve male engagement to some extent. At the second level, women having either no or one surviving child were split again on the number of surviving children into women having one surviving child (14.8percent) and women having no surviving child (8.5 percent). In rural areas, government health workers are almost all females who deliver condoms to people's homes but they have little access to men. About one-fourth of the women surveyed had two surviving children and almost half of them had more than two surviving children. menstruacin, Seguridad de productos The pattern of contraceptive use differs across 13 mutually exclusive groups of women generated through the classification model with the prevalence of contraception ranging from just around 8percent to almost 77percent (Table 4). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the W. Y. Loh, Classification and regression trees, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, vol. Hinduism & Birth Control Many traditional Hindu texts praise large families, which was normal in the ancient world because the precarious nature of life required strong fertility. A Hindu View On Abortion. The cervical cap and the diaphragm are examples of occlusive pessaries. 2016 Mar 10;32(4):543-573. doi: 10.1007/s10680-016-9378-0. 1, pp. Before The pattern of contraceptive use has been analysed in terms of six characteristics of womennumber of surviving children (0, 1, 2-3, and >3), religion (Hindu, Muslim, and others), residence (rural and urban), number of years of schooling of the woman and her husband (18 years, 912 years, and >12 years), and household standard of living (very low, low, average, high, and very high). Because both a man and a woman contribute to a pregnancy, they should jointly decide whether to use contraception. The .gov means its official. L. Breiman, J. Friedman, R. A. Olshen, and C. J. An official website of the United States government. 2023 BBC. Mr Pandey says until that happens, family planning programmes must find ways to reach out to men. douche conceive (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad VI. During 2007-08, only about 54percent of the currently married women aged 1549 years or their husbands were using a contraceptive method to regulate their fertility [5] and the contraceptive prevalence rate appears to have stagnated after 2004 [6]. By contrast, women with at least two surviving children account for 77percent of all women but almost 90percent of all contraceptive users. T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman, The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2008. The intergroup variability in the contraceptive prevalence is the largest in case of terminal methods but smallest in case of traditional methods. 129144 Published: April 2003 Split View Cite Permissions Share Abstract This chapter discusses the perspective of India on the issues of family planning, contraception and abortion. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. religion, bibliography N. Ambalavanan, A. Baibergenova, W. A. Carlo, S. Saigal, B. Schmidt, and K. E. Thorpe, Early prediction of poor outcome in extremely low birth weight infants by classification tree analysis, The Journal of Pediatrics, vol. Similarly, women with one surviving child were split on household standard of living into women belonging to households with very low, low, and average standard of living (7.2percent) and women belonging to households with high and very high standard of living (7.6percent). v t e Abortion in Hinduism, while generally sinful by traditional Hindu scriptures, can be interpreted equivocally within the vast spectrum of Hindu beliefs and texts. The Roman Catholic church forbids contraceptive use because it is a sin against nature. Hindu Attitudes to Homosexual Relationships and Impacts 1993 Jun;8(6):969-76. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138176. "There is research going on across the world to find long-term reversible contraception for men, but there is nothing in the basket at the moment.". "In all the states we found that male engagement in family planning programmes was very low, mainly due to a lack of awareness," Mr Pandey says. CART (Classification and regression tree) is a nonparametric technique that can select from a large number of variables those variables and their interaction that are most important in determining the outcome variable to be explained [10]. The process also produces a cross-validation error rate from which the optimal tree is selected. The contraceptive method mix also varies across the 13 groups of women identified through classification modelling which suggests that preferences and choices of the 13 groups of women as regards use of contraception vary widely (see Table 5).At least 80 percent of Hindu women, having at least two surviving children and belonging to households with low and very low The paper is organised as follows. Awareness of population growth as a potential problem is prevalent among educated Hindus. Dharma shastras are smriti and provide legal opinion on religion and social matters. Islamic physicians had much knowledge about conception control. For Hindus, the question of family planning cannot exist in Although the evidence is sparse, yet low to very low prevalence of contraception among women having no or one surviving child in India has been attributed more to such factors as lack of knowledge and a range of social and cultural factors but less to factors related to the supply of modern spacing methods of contraception. The programme preoccupation with birth limitation also appears to be an important factor in its inability to engage young married womenwomen in the process of building their familyand enable them to realise their family planning intentions. The first split of 555,665 currently married, nonpregnant women aged 1549 years was on the number of surviving children which divided women into two groupswomen having at least two surviving children (76.7percent) and women having either no or one surviving child (23.3percent). In case of terminal methods of contraception, this proportion is more than 97percent but only 72percent in case of modern spacing methods and 75percent in case of traditional methods. and transmitted securely. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Accessibility Ready, Willing, and Able: Contraceptive Use Patterns Across Europe. The CART produces a classification tree which is turned upside down and built from the root at the top towards leaves at the bottom. 197208, 2001. The analysis suggests that currently married, nonpregnant women aged 1549 years in India can be classified into 13 mutually exclusive groups on the basis of six characteristics of womensurviving children, household standard of living, religion, womens years of schooling, husbands education, and residence. Manu By the birth of the first child alone, man pays off general welfare of humanity. 1999 Jan;59(1 Suppl):7S-10S. Birth control There is no ban on birth control in Hinduism. This hypothesis is explored by examining women's views on the This data set consists of detailed demographic information on a sample of rural Hindu and Muslim women in order to understand the relationship between their adher- ence to religion and the The extent to which a group is not a homogenous subset of the population is an indication of impurity of classification. In villages and among urban poor, government workers distribute free condoms as part of the family planning programme and as protection from sexually transmitted diseases. Contraception - Hindu Views (GCSE RS - Hinduism - Relationships & Families) Theme A - L3/7 Subject: Religious education Age range: 14-16 Resource type: Lesson (complete) 0 reviews File At the same time, it may also be argued that women belonging to households with low to very low standard of living may be more interested in producing the desired number of children quickly and then go for a terminal method to stop childbearing altogether simply because they may not have the capacity to plan or space the family either because of the lack of knowledge or because of family and society pressure or because of the inability of the family planning services delivery system to ensure regular, uninterrupted supply of modern spacing methods to these women. 12, pp. 5368, 2013. Some Moslems believe that they must have many children, but Allah and the Prophet state that children have rights to education and future security. Nasal Myiasis in Hinduism and Contemporary Otorhinolaryngology. The chimera of a Muslim population growth rate. Education and literacy have increased the acceptance of modern contraception. The reason is that personal characteristics of women are highly correlated with household standard of living. Read more. Next, Hindu women belonging to households with very low and low standard of living were further split on religion into women of other religions (2.3percent) and Hindu women (22.3percent). Importance of characteristics of women in classifying contraceptive use. who There is no evidence to suggest that Hinduism justifies or encourages abortion except when the Even the influence of household standard of living, religion, and education of the woman on the contraceptive use was found to be not more than one-fifth of the influence of the number of surviving children on the contraceptive use. Moreover, contraceptive practice in India is known to be very heavily skewed towards terminal methods which means that contraception in India is practised primarily for birth limitation rather than birth planning. The independent variables included number of surviving children (0, 1, 2, and >2), household standard of living (very low, low, average, high, and very high), religion (Hindu, Muslim, and others), years of schooling of the women and their husbands (0, 18, 912, and >12), and residence (rural and urban). Since birth control negates the first principle cited above and is generally assumed to violate the second principle of wasting seed, there is a great need to clarify whether birth control is ever permissible in Jewish tradition. ritual-purity, slapping your Read about our approach to external linking. However, there are rising number of homosexual Hindu relationships. 335364, 2010. 4, pp. Every node in the tree represents a test of some case attributes. Users of traditional methods, on the other hand, accounted for around 12percent of the total contraceptive users in the country. S. Sarkar, Contraceptive use and methods choice among currently married women in India, in India 2012: Population, Reproductive and Child Health, A. Ranjan and R. Singh, Eds., MLC Foundation and Shyam Institute, Bhopal, India, 2012. menstruation, Preparing for The classification analysis presented in this paper is based on the application of classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm [12]. We apply CART decision tree algorithm to identify women with distinct social, economic, cultural, and demographic characteristics who have different contraceptive use pattern and then analyse how the pattern of contraceptive use varies across these groups.