I'm Terry Gross, and this is FRESH AIR. See answer Advertisement junehardeman2008 Answer: D. He opposed it as being anti-religious Explanation: correct in flvs Advertisement Among the other things we talked about, she without mentioning the child's illness asked me "I've heard that if you baptise a Jewish child who's about to die he goes to Heaven and gets indulgence; isn't that right?" David Kertzer won a Pulitzer Prize in 2015 for his book "The Pope And Mussolini" about the secret relationship between Pope Pius XI and the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. At this point, the papal troops are all disarmed, and the civic guard that ironically the Pope had set up earlier turn against him and essentially make him a prisoner in his own palace. A cover letter attached to Maggi's statement described it as proof that Morisi's story was false. This means the papacy plays a significant role in how Christianity is perceived globally. [30][c], A detail of papal carabinieri (military police) led by Marshal Pietro Lucidi and Brigadier Giuseppe Agostini arrived at the Mortara apartment in Bologna soon after sunset on 23 June 1858. And the pope, at a certain point, was tempted by that as well. He was doing God's will by taking that child from his parents. That Pope was Pope John XXIII, hero of the liberals of the Church. And in going through, it antagonized many of the civil rulers of Europe, including the French Emperor Napoleon III, whose troops were then propping up papal rule in Rome. Capture of Rome - Wikipedia What role did the pope play in the risorgimento? - Brainly.com - For I will not lead the efforts to drive the foreigners out of Italy. [84] The "Regina" in Morisi's story was identified as Regina Bussolari; though Morisi averred to have told her the whole story, Bussolari professed to know nothing of the case. But I think in terms of official church doctrine, really, this only changes with the Second Vatican Council and the 1960s. It stated that no Christian could believe in freedom of religion, in freedom of speech, in freedom of association, in freedom of the press, that these were all condemned by the Christian religion. [88], The hearing before a panel of six judges on 16 April 1860 was attended by neither the Mortara family nor Feletti the former because they were in Turin and learned of the trial date only two days beforehand, and the latter because he refused to recognise the new authorities' right to put him on trial. [94] As the Italian nationalist armies advanced through the peninsula, the fall of Rome seemed imminent. After we take a short break, film critic Justin Chang will review "Zama," a new film set in 18th century about colonialism and the New World. This is FRESH AIR. [109] Abigail Green writes that "this clash between liberal and Catholic worldviews at a moment of critical international tension gave the Mortara affair global significance and rendered it a transformative episode in the Jewish world as well". When Carboni posited that if Lepori had spoken to her about baptising a Jewish child he would surely have asked afterwards if she had gone through with it, Morisi replied that they had never discussed it again. Agostini taught Edgardo first to make the. We'll be right back. The Pope plays a crucial role in this as the Prime Witness to Faith. [20] If true, this would make the child a Catholic in the eyes of the Church a fact with secular as well as spiritual ramifications since the stance of the Church was that children who they considered to be Christians could not be raised by non-Christians, and should be removed from their parents in such circumstances. He was leading the church toward disaster by his reforms. Unification of Italy - Wikipedia But in rejecting that, in opposing the unification of Italy, in insisting that the pope could not exist except also as a temporal ruler - as a king - the pope would set the church on a conservative, even reactionary, path that would have a major influence on the course not only of the Roman Catholic Church for many decades but also on Europe. [96] He pulled these troops out in 1864 following the transport to the Catechumens of another Jewish child, nine-year-old Giuseppe Coen from the Roman Ghetto. So there's been a little burst of concern by those who are not happy about the idea of Pius IX becoming a saint. [107] You describe him as the pope king. [46] He left Scazzocchio to represent the family's cause in Rome. Italy - French Revolution, Risorgimento, and Jacobinism And in fact, the king of Naples is not at all eager to see him go because the king is now portraying himself as the great protector of the pope and Christendom, and this is helping his popularity, which is otherwise at a low ebb itself. KERTZER: It was seized by the Italian army. He waits several months after the French have re-conquered Rome to return. [m] When Carboni interviewed Feletti in prison on 23 January, the friar said that in seizing Edgardo from his family he had only carried out instructions from the Holy Office, "which never promulgates any decree without the consent of the Roman Pontiff". Instead, Cavour in the 18 40s jo ined the ranks of those who looked to Charles Albert to effect the liberal and national program in Italy. All had Edgardo quickly and fervently embracing Christianity and trying to learn as much as possible about it. Who seized it? Certainly, the experience of the disaster that came with fascism and with the Nazism and the immediate post-World War II period led to some serious rethinking. He opposed it as being anti-religious. He gave it spiritual legitimacy. [86] On 6 March, Carboni interviewed Morisi again and pointed out the inconsistencies between her story and the testimony of the Mortara family doctor, the Mortaras themselves, and both Lepori and Bussolari. the presidency of the pope, was the most popular text of the Risorgimento. Copyright 2018 NPR. Voting resulted in the acceptance of Victor Emmanuel II as the first king of a united Italy in 1861. [71] From August to December 1858 he headed a special British committee on Mortara that relayed reports from Piedmont to British newspapers and Catholic clergymen, and noted the support expressed by British Protestants, particularly the Evangelical Alliance led by Sir Culling Eardley. The ruse worked: Scagliarini said that she had been told the same thing by Morisi's sister Monica. [105] Pope PiusIX died in 1878. [80][n], On 6 February Momolo Mortara gave an account of the case that contradicted the inquisitor's at almost every turn; in Rome, he said, Edgardo had been "frightened, and intimidated by the rector's presence, [but] he openly declared his desire to return home with us". "[100] The Roman chief of police asked Edgardo to return to his family to appease public opinion, but he refused. [92] The interval between the priest's arrest and his trial, coupled with the swift progress being made towards Italian unification, meant that the Mortara case had lost much of its prominence, so there was little protest against the decision. Pope Pius IX and Italy - Wikipedia GROSS: So Pope Pius IX becomes Pope in 1846. Why is he popular? [18] She remained there until she was hired by another Bologna family in 1857; soon after that she married and moved back to San Giovanni in Persiceto. What happened? [98], Momolo Mortara followed the Italian Army into Rome hoping to finally reclaim his son. The Role of the Pope - churchauthority [51] Momolo waited outside, and afterwards persuaded the rector to let him see his son. Like Morisi, Bussolari came from San Giovanni in Persiceto. Risorgimento (Italian Unification) - Encyclopedia.com | Free Online They cried for his parents, but they failed to recognise that I, too, am his father. - BBC News Who, What, Why: What does a pope do? So this was a kidnapping that relates to a law that was in effect about baptizing Jewish children. If you're just joining us, my guest is David Kertzer. After two officers identified the erstwhile inquisitor Feletti as having given the order to remove Edgardo, Curletti and a detachment of police went to San Domenico and arrested him at about 02:30 on 2 January 1860. And they flooded regularly. That's a very dangerous idea. Who, What, Why: What does a pope do? - BBC - Homepage It had never been official church doctrine before. GROSS: He was the pope during Vatican II, right? "[42][g], There were many different versions of the Catholic story, but all followed the same basic structure. [32], With no way of knowing where the boy had been taken Momolo found out only in early July the Mortaras, supported by the Jewish communities in Bologna, Rome and elsewhere in Italy, initially focused on drafting appeals and trying to rally support from Jews abroad. At first, he's really popular. By the end of the same day the papal colours flying in the squares had been replaced with the Italian green, white and red, the cardinal legate had left the city, and a group styling itself Bologna's provisional government had proclaimed its desire to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. [61] The pro-Church articles often took on an overtly antisemitic character, charging for example that if coverage in Britain, France or Germany was critical this was hardly a surprise "since currently the newspapers of Europe are in good part in the hands of the Jews". He gave Padovani a note to this effect to pass on to the marshal. [73] On his return to Britain more than 2,000 leading citizens including 79 mayors and provosts, 27 peers, 22 Anglican bishops and archbishops and 36 members of parliament signed a protest calling the Pope's conduct a "dishonour to Christianity", "repulsive to the instincts of humanity". KERTZER: No, she - turns out that, from church doctrine, you, first of all, don't need to be a priest. Pius also instituted the doctrine of papal infallibility. On very rare occasions the Pope is the main exponent of the infallible understanding of faith [=inerrancy] that is carried . [76] Bologna was promptly incorporated as part of the province of Romagna. Pius VII (180023) sought peace with France and even presided over Napoleons imperial coronation in 1804. Several historians highlight the affair as one of the most significant events in Pius IX's papacy, and they juxtapose his handling of it in 1858 with the loss of most of his territory a year later. [28], In the months before Pius IX's beatification by the Catholic Church in 2000, Jewish commentators and others in the international media raised the largely forgotten Mortara episode while analysing the Pope's life and legacy. [88] Carboni proposed that even under the pontifical laws, the seizure was illegal he reported that he had seen no evidence to support the friar's claim that he had acted following instructions from Rome, and that there was substantial evidence casting doubt on Morisi's account, but so far as he could see Feletti had done nothing to verify what she had said before ordering the child removed. This followed an earlier agreement along similar lines between the Emperor and King Victor Emmanuel's Prime Minister, Europe had lost much of its interest in Mortara by this point, but across the Atlantic it continued to command great attention; the. Risorgimento a movement for the unification and independence of Italy, which was achieved in 1870. This period ends the pope's authority to rule over the Papal States, he's limited to the Vatican. The Austrians at the time were occupying the whole northeast of Italy. Cardinal Antonelli, the Papal States, and the Counter-Risorgimento - JSTOR Can you just give us a sense of why his papacy was a turning point in Catholic history? Coen returned to Rome as soon as he could and became a priest. While he was away his father Simon, who lived about 30 kilometres (19mi) west of Bologna in Reggio Emilia, successfully asked the new authorities in Romagna to launch an inquiry into the Mortara case. KERTZER: Well, there's just recently out of the Vatican a story - I don't know how reliable it is - that things, after having apparently slowed down, are now speeding up again. [111] The Alliance Isralite Universelle, whose formation had been partly motivated by the Mortara case, grew into one of the most prominent Jewish organisations in the world and endures into the 21st century. What was the palace like, and where was it? The prestige of the Papal States was further diminished by the spread of the Reformation from the mid-16th century and the growth of Spanish power on the Italian peninsula in the 17th century. Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi (/ r b l d i / GARR-ib-AHL-dee, Italian: [duzppe aribaldi] (); 4 July 1807 - 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. [73] Two days later, news reached Rome that fighting had broken out between Austrian and Piedmontese troops in the north the War of 1859 had begun. He, in fact, inflicted capital punishment at the extreme case. '"[52][j] One report in the Jewish press described the priests telling Edgardo's parents that God had chosen their son to be "the apostle of Christianity to his family, dedicated to converting his parents and his siblings",[52] and that they could have him back if they also became Christians. So those who remained came out of hiding and looking in the synagogue that evening to see who had survived. converted non christians from germanic europe and more. So there are several turning points in the Catholic Church during the period that you're writing about - turning points that Pope Pius IX was responsible for.
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