Further experiments in mouse hippocampi and rat C6 glioma cells revealed that ginger extract promoted the formation of synapses in the brain through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) induced by nerve growth factor (NGF) and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) [69]. Results from a xanthine/xanthine oxidase system showed that an ethyl acetate extract and an aqueous extract had higher antioxidant properties than ethanol, diethyl ether, and n-butanol extracts did [3]. Identify each of the compounds as aldehyde or ketone. It was found that 6-gingerol, 10-gingerol, 6-shogaol, and 10-shogaol showed an antiproliferative effect on human prostate cancer cells via a downregulation of the protein expression of multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) [59]. Structural elements and cough suppressing activity of polysaccharides from. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. In one study too high of a dose to human hepatoma cells resulted in DNA fragmentation, chromosomal damage and organelle membrane instability which could result in apoptotic behavior. Solved The active constituent of fresh ginger is gingerol - Get 24/7 The comparison between ginger and shell ginger. Nutritional implications of ginger: chemistry - ScienceDirect.com -shogaol by altering its chemical configuration in three functional groups: the aromatic moiety, ketone group and . already familiar with several common alcohols. ( 3 votes) Ernest Zinck Cultured human breast cancer cells were subjected to various concentrations of [6]-gingerol to determine the impacts on live cells. Combined ginger extract & Gelam honey modulate Ras/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathway genes in colon cancer HT29 cells. Li S., Li S., Gan R., Song F., Kuang L., Li H. Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of infusions from 223 medicinal plants. Show more Image transcription text D Question 6 O OH HO OCH3 Gingerol molecule. Notably, the application of ginger nanoparticles has the potential to improve the prevention of and therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Contains gingerol, which has potent medicinal properties . The combustion of 1 mole of octane provides 5510 kJ. An overview of the bioactivities of ginger. Evaluation of daily ginger consumption for the prevention of chronic diseases in adults: A cross-sectional study. Zingerone's vanillin foundation and hydrocarbon tail make it a chemical relative ofeugenoland capsaicin. Additionally, ginger extract ameliorated histological and biochemical alterations in the radiation-induced kidney damage of rats through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [111]. The results showed that the treatment could attenuate the post-exercise elevation of several cytokines that promote inflammation, such as plasma IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- [42]. It is also widely used in the industrial manufacture of other . In the HIBI+6G groups, 1 mg/kg 6-Gingerol had no effect on brain damage Zingerone - ScienceDirect.com Several herbs and spices have been developed into natural effective antimicrobial agents against many pathogenic microorganisms [43]. [8] A few in-vivo studies have proposed that gingerols facilitate healthy glucose regulation for diabetics. Ginger: Health Benefits, Nutrients, Preparation, and More Yao J., Ge C., Duan D., Zhang B., Cui X., Peng S., Liu Y., Fang J. Activation of the phase II enzymes for neuroprotection by ginger active constituent 6-dehydrogingerdione in PC12 cells. Bernard M.M., McConnery J.R., Hoskin D.W. [10]-Gingerol, a major phenolic constituent of ginger root, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Recently, many investigations have revealed that ginger positively affects memory function and exhibits anti-neuroinflammatory activity, which might contribute to the management and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases [70,71]. El-Ashmawy N.E., Khedr N.F., El-Bahrawy H.A., Mansour H.E.A. Thus, the level of GSH increases, and the level of ROS decreases. The main carbon chain in the compound is a hydrocarbon chain containing 10 carbon (C) atoms, that is, decane. Collaborate with scientists in your field of chemistry and stay current in your area of specialization. Zingiber officinale is a perennial herb member of the Zingiberaceae family and its thick tuberous rhizomes is very popular for medicinal uses and as a spice and additive agent for flavoring foods and drinks ( 4, 5 ). OneClass: Part A: Which of the functional groups alkene, alcohol Cookies Policy. ); nc.ude.usys.2liam@35yxux (X.-Y.X. d. How many moles are in 2.00 mL of ionone ? [25] There are some pro-oxidant behaviors to gingerol compounds when the concentration reaches high levels although also considered, in normal conditions these phytochemicals observed have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant qualities. . Moreover, the 6-gingerol-rich fraction from ginger could reduce the levels of H2O2 and MDA, enhance antioxidant enzyme activity, and increase glutathione in rats with oxidative damage induced by chlorpyrifos [25]. Ginger extract showed antioxidant effects in human chondrocyte cells, with oxidative stress mediated by interleukin-1 (IL-1). The .gov means its official. Moon M., Kim H., Choi J.G., Oh H., Lee P.K.J., Ha S.K., Kim S.Y., Park Y., Huh Y., Oh M.S. [9][10][11] Many studies have been around the effects of gingerols on a wide range of cancers including leukemia,[12] prostate,[13] breast,[14] skin,[15] ovarian,[16] lung,[17] pancreatic[18] and colorectal. Gingerenone A could also modulate fatty acid metabolism via the activation of AMPK in vivo, attenuating diet-induced obesity [9]. An in vitro experiment resulted in both 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol preventing the progression of diabetic complications, and they inhibited the production of AGEs by trapping methylglyoxal (MGO), the precursor of AGEs [87]. alcohol alkene thiol ether phenol Maghbooli M., Golipour F., Esfandabadi A.M., Yousefi M. Comparison between the efficacy of ginger and sumatriptan in the ablative treatment of the common migraine. The above results indicate that ginger and its bioactive constituents, including 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 6-shogaol, citral, and eucalyptol, have protective effects against respiratory disorders, at least mediating them through the induction of relaxation in airway smooth muscle and the attenuation of airway resistance and inflammation. These concentration dependent results concluded that there was no impact at 5 M but a reduction of 16% occurred at 10 M. Several studies have indicated that ginger was effective for protection against oxidative stress. Tahir A.A., Sani N.F.A., Murad N.A., Makpol S., Ngah W.Z.W., Yusof Y.A.M. Shell ginger has exhibited similar biological activities to ginger, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardiovascular protective, antiobesity, and antidiabetic activities [115]. Answer to Problem 12.37UTC Solution: The following functional groups are present in Gingerol Phenol Ether Alcohol Ketone Explanation of Solution The structure of Gingerol is shown below, in which all the functional groups are marked. Furthermore, 28 male endurance runners consumed capsules of 500 mg of ginger powder. See the step by step solution Step by Step Solution TABLE OF CONTENTS Step 1: Given Information Theoretically, antioxidants should be effective. Reactions: Chemistry Science Videos & Infographics Investigating the effects of inhaling ginger essence on post-nephrectomy nausea and vomiting. An animal model has also been used to investigate the antioxidant properties of ginger and its bioactive compounds in vivo. Solved Part A: Which of the functional groups alkene, - Chegg - Get 24/ [7], While many studies suggest the low risk of using ginger phytochemicals to combat oxidation damage to cells, there are a few studies that suggest potential genotoxic effects. In fresh ginger, gingerols are the major polyphenols, such as 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol. Walstab J., Krueger D., Stark T., Hofmann T., Demir I.E., Ceyhan G.O., Feistel B., Schemann M., Niesler B. Ginger and its pungent constituents non-competitively inhibit activation of human recombinant and native 5-HT3 receptors of enteric neurons. The nonvolatile pungent compounds such as 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, 10-shogaol, 6-shogaol, zingerone, and paradol are the major constituents of the lipophilic ginger rhizome extract. Moreover, treatment with ginger could reduce blood loss in women with heavy menstrual bleeding [113]. 10gingerol was found in DGJ and FGJ. . Nile S.H., Park S.W. Apart from the bioactivities mentioned above (Figure 3), ginger has other beneficial effects, such as hepatoprotective and antiallergic effects [108,109]. Additionally, ginger extract could reduce the production of ROS in human fibrosarcoma cells with H2O2-induced oxidative stress [31]. Frontiers | 6-Gingerol Alleviates Neonatal - Open Access Journals Everything you need for your studies in one place. With another action of CST, shikimate is broken off from this intermediate, thereby yielding Caffeoyl-CoA (7). Besides, ginger extract increased the levels of apolipoprotein A-1 and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase mRNA in the liver, which was related to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) formation [79]. Peng S., Yao J., Liu Y., Duan D., Zhang X., Fang J. Activation of Nrf2 target enzymes conferring protection against oxidative stress in PC12 cells by ginger principal constituent 6-shogaol. Mahmoud R.H., Elnour W.A. An in vitro study revealed that 6-gingerol could inhibit the growth of HeLa human cervical adenocarcinoma cells, and it induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1-phase by decreasing the protein levels of cyclin A and cyclin D1. Additionally, 6-shogaol could be more significant than 6-gingerol and 6-paradol in reducing cell survival and inducing apoptosis in human and mouse prostate cancer cells. At present, mild hypothermia treatment of HIE is effective to some extent, but the therapeutic time window is too narrow to allow a timely start. Besides, ginger oil and its bioactive compounds, including citral and eucalyptol, inhibited rat tracheal contraction induced by carbachol in rats [104]. Network with colleagues and access the latest research in your field, Launch and grow your career with career services and resources. The extract promoted apoptosis via an increase in the expression of the tumor suppressor gene p53 and a decrease in the level of NF-B in tumor tissue [58]. Ginger (, Nerilo S.B., Rocha G.H.O., Tomoike C., Mossini S.A.G., Grespan R., Mikcha J.M.G., Machinski M., Jr. Antifungal properties and inhibitory effects upon aflatoxin production by, Garcia Yamamoto-Ribeiro M.M., Grespan R., Kohiyama C.Y., Ferreira F.D., Galerani Mossini S.A., Silva E.L., de Abreu Filho B.A., Graton Mikcha J.M., Machinski Junior M. Effect of, Chang J.S., Wang K.C., Yeh C.F., Shieh D.E., Chiang L.C. Thank you! 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) is then used to get p-Coumaroyl-CoA (5). Dietary supplementation of ginger and turmeric rhizomes modulates platelets ectonucleotidase and adenosine deaminase activities in normotensive and hypertensive rats. In a clinical trial, inhaling ginger essence could attenuate nausea intensity and decrease emesis episodes two and six hours after a nephrectomy in patients [96]. Quantitation of 6-, 8- and 10-Gingerols and 6-Shogaol in Human Plasma Many research works have evaluated the antidiabetic effect of ginger and its major active constituents [88]. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. Wang Y., Yu H., Zhang X., Feng Q., Guo X., Li S., Li R., Chu D., Ma Y. Anti-inflammatory effects of the. Overview; Train at EBI; Train outside EBI; Train online; Contact organisers; Industry. Thus, blood pressure decreased in hypertensive rats pretreated with ginger [8]. Both ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) had been suspected to utilize phenylpropanoid pathway and produce putative type III polyketide synthase products based on the research of 6-gingerol biosynthesis by Denniff and Whiting in 1976 [27] and by Schrder's research in 1997. f. How many milliliters of hydrogen gas at STP are needed to completely react with 5.00 mL of ionone? Moreover, nanoparticles derived from edible ginger (GDNPs 2) could prevent intestinal inflammation by increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-22 and decreasing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-, IL-6, and IL-1 in mice with acute colitis and chronic colitis [4]. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of a ginger extract in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in patients receiving high-dose cisplatin. 6shogaol was found in DGJ, FGJ . Additionally, 10-gingerol was found to be potent in inhibiting human and mouse breast carcinoma cell growth. GSSG, glutathione disulfide; MT1, metallothionein 1; GSTP1, glutathione S-transferase P1; MDA, malondialdehyde; Ref, reference. A recently synthesized azagingerol analogueincreases metabolism in mice and may reduce the risk of obesity-associated diseases. Glutathione conjugation attenuates biological activities of 6-dehydroshogaol from ginger. However, when dried ginger was further heated to obtain stir-fried ginger and carbonized ginger, the antioxidant activity decreased, because the processing could change gingerols into shogaols [26]. Additionally, in mice with scopolamine-induced memory deficits, ginger extract could ameliorate the cognitive function of mice, which was assessed by a novel object recognition test. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. 6-Shogaol, an active compound of ginger, protects dopaminergic neurons in Parkinsons disease models via anti-neuroinflammation. It could also decrease the production of fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 [51]. Furthermore, the consumption of ginger could reduce the levels of fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin A (HbA1C), insulin, TG, and TC in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) [90].
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