Compare and contrast the regions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Called Komodo dragons, they were found to be relatives to the Earths most ancient group of lizards. The delicate beaches of Maldives are eroding at a fast pace.Maldivians are protecting their islands. The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiativeworks to improve revenue management in some thirty resource-rich countries. Many lightweight seeds, such as fluffy thistle seeds and the spores of ferns, can drift long distances in air currents. One famous example is the Republic of Minerva. Invasive palms and WWII damaged an island paradise. Furthermore, modern technology has made globalization inevitable even among the independent countries of the Pacific Island realm. Rather than contributing to freedom, broadly shared growth, and social peace, rich deposits of oil and minerals have often brought tyranny, misery, and insecurity to these nations. Finally, given the difficulty of winning global endorsement for all of these initiatives separately, the United States should push them as a package. The creature was a gigantic lizard nearly 3 meters (10 feet) long. Without white snow and ice to reflect the At higher than 14,800 feet above sea level, some of its peaks are ice-free. PDF Southeast Asia, Oceania, Australia and New Zealand All three regions intersect the Pacific Ring of Fire. What physical feature allows the region to be exceptionally biodiverse? Many Low-Lying Atoll Islands Will Be Uninhabitable by Mid-21st Century In fact, the past decade has seen a raft of international initiatives designed to combat corruption and improve governance in resource-rich nations. . In addition to the seven claimants there were five more original signatories to the Antarctic Treaty: There are now 54 signatories to the Antarctic Treaty. change but only the emissions from coal-burning utilities contribute to global warming. These volcanoes, including Mount Erebus, are likely due to the West Antarctic Rift System, which is where the Antarctic tectonic plate is thinning. Why Natural Resources Matter to your Business: Top 10 It started slowly but is surely picking up speed: the ocean, long considered so big it couldn't be affected by humanity, is creeping toward us. This raises the question of what other sites in the Pacific could be recognised for their natural . As a population is compelled to abandon its lands and move into a new community a neighbouring village, a refugee camp, an urban centre its Indigenous language becomes harder to sustain. coral reef. The figure below shows resource partitioning among 11 11 1 1 11 species of anole lizards. The Publish What You Pay and Publish What You Lend campaigns call on transnational corporations and banks to publicize their payments and loans to local authorities. Only 12% of the land is suitable for agriculture, and it has no natural forests. Awareness of the threats to languages is growing; concern over the climate emergency is also increasing. This is called island gigantism. . The fate of such proposals, like so much in global economic governance today, will depend on whether they can win support from governments and corporations not only in the OECD world, but also within the dynamic emerging economies that are driving today's global growth. In this group, natural selection has led to the evolution of different species that make use of different resources. People need some natural resources to stay alive. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Tidal islands (2) are a type of continental island where land connecting the island to the mainland has not completely eroded, but is underwater at high tide. (Credit: Thomas Reiss, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center. Although some islands have a few natural resources, such as the phosphates mined on the Micronesian island of Nauru, most are dependent on the attractiveness of their climate and beaches. In addition to these challenges, sea level rise due to climate change threatens the existence of some island countries. Islands | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov While each of these steps is worthwhile, such a piecemeal, fragmented approach suffers from inherent limitations. They encode histories, they catalogue plants and perspectives, they define peoples. What Are The Major Natural Resources Of Kiribati? - WorldAtlas Already, Indigenous communities and linguists are working together to document hundreds of languages, and revitalisation efforts are breathing new life into languages that were once on the decline. Countries wanting, The signatories have agreed to set the continent aside as a, The most recent action to increase the environmental protection of Antarctica was the. Corals build up hard external skeletons of calcium carbonate. Islands formed by the buildup of coral reefs on submerged volcanoes are called ___ islands. a reef made up of fragments of corals, coral sands, algal and other organic deposits . See detailed licensing information. On the other side of the spectrum, the desert southwestern region of the United States depends on the Central Arizona Project canals to transport water from the Colorado River in order to support agriculture and urban areas. Sea level is rising faster than projected in the western Pacific, so understanding how wave-driven coastal flooding will affect inhabited, low-lying islandsmost notably, the familiar ring-shaped atollsas well as the low-elevation areas of high islands in the Pacific Ocean, is critical for decision-makers in protecting infrastructure or relocating resources and people. (modern). Spiral IslandThe British explorer and environmentalist Richard Sowa built his own floating island off the east coast of Mexico in 1998. Tourism is an important industry for many island nations. Natural resources are the foundation of our society. Although still Last December, Unesco launched the Indigenous Languages Decade to draw attention to the crisis of our languages and to mobilise resources to confront it. We now know these people as Polynesians. Low islanders also visited each other in search of spouses and for help after cyclones. Access to over 100 million course-specific study resources; 24/7 help from Expert Tutors on 140+ subjects; . (The famous scientist Thor Heyerdahl disagreed. Research on biocultural diversity finds striking parallels between the evolution of species and languages. Unfortunately, this shared fate binds them in birth as well as death, with both species and languages facing extinction crises. Explore natural and agricultural resources - BBC Bitesize Third, the high levels of corruption, extortion, and poor governance that accompany resource wealth often generate grievances leading to rebellion. The climate crisis is a force of destruction but can also be a force of unification. Review the section on Climate Change in Antarctica. On a precarious planet, should languages be a major concern? As a result, its main industry is agriculture. These Maori settlers cleared forests and hunted the large, slow-moving moa. Despite having one of the world's highest growth rates from 2005 to 2010, averaging some 17 percent annually, its score on the human development index remained a miserable 0.49, and its infant mortality rate was lower than the sub-Saharan African average. Rumors of fantastic animals on Komodo had persisted over the years. The Equator Principles seek to ensure that private bank investments do not exacerbate environmental and social risks. Climate and Agriculture If languages and species live and die together, surely we can save them together. Pitcairn Islands, and Cook Islands. are why there are few species on islands. Today, the tortoises may weigh as much as 250 kilograms (551 pounds).Scalesias, plants related to sunflowers, gradually grew larger on the Galapagos Islands, too, because there were few insects or rodents that ate the flowers. - WorldAtlas What Are The Natural Resources Of The Solomon Islands? Mining is prohibited by international agreement. The Sustainable Use of Natural Resources: The Governance Challenge Some coral reefs may grow up in thick layers from the seafloor, until they break the waters surface, creating coral islands. There are also volcanoes under Antarctica's ice sheet. These once high islands have eroded to the point that they have subsided, leaving Sustainability - University of Oregon But how can the climate hurt a language? This vocabulary list includes terms that students need to know to successfully complete the final exam for the course. The empty, lightweight bottles float on the top of the Gulf of Mexico and support Sowa's home and garden.Spiral Island was destroyed in 2005 by Hurricane Emily. For example, petroleum (oil) is not usually considered a subject of natural resource management, whereas forests are. to it harms living organisms. Volcanoes, for example, emit carbon dioxide. Extreme weather, such as storms and cyclones, has become more frequent and is often associated with climate change. Arizonas right to use water from this river stems from the Colorado Compact, an agreement established in 1922. Aerial photograph of Kwajalein Atoll showing its low-lying islands and coral reefs. This basket of initiatives, if implemented, could give developing countries a fighting chance to ward off the resource curse. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. The newest Hawaiian island, Loihi, also sits over the hot spot, but is still a seamount about 914 meters (3,000 feet) beneath the Pacific.Coral islands (5) are low islands formed in warm waters by tiny sea animals called corals. Dubais huge artificial islands are shaped like palm trees and a map of the world. When stratospheric ozone thins, it is referred to as a hole in the ozone layer even though there is not a complete absence of ozone. They use others to make their lives better. As Earth's atmospheric temperature increases, Antarctica's ice pack decreases. There arestaff research stations, with about 1,000 people there in the winter and about 5,000 in the summer. The islands of the Pacific are divided into three regions according to their physical geography, the local inhabitants, and location. They are addressing current threats by dredging sand from the ocean floor. Too much UV radiation causes skin cancer, premature aging, eye damage, immune system impairment, and reductions in phytoplankton productivity. This Describe the relative geographic locations of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Other voyages were almost certainly intentional. natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones, arable land, petroleum, natural gas, coal, bauxite, chromite, copper, iron ore, nickel, salt, timber, hydropower, arable land, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc, hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead, petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium, iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small noncommercial quantities; mineral exploitation except for scientific research is banned by the Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty; krill, icefish, toothfish, and crab have been taken by commercial fisheries, which are managed through the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Living Marine Resources (CCAMLR), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium, arable land, small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones. Earth Day: Colonialism's role in the overexploitation of natural resources Among the many frustrations in development, perhaps none looms larger than the "resource curse." This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/science/natural-resource, Social Science LibreTexts - Types of Natural Resources, NeoK12 - Educational Videos and Games for School Kids - Natural Resource. Access, or the lack thereof, contributes to a places economic development, political relationships, and culture. When scientists arrived to investigate, they were astounded to see what looked like a dragon. Most of Australia and Oceania is under the Pacific, a vast body of water that is larger than all the Earth's continental landmasses and islands combined. First, the prospect of resource rents may be an incentive to rebel or secede. The seeds of coconut palms, for instance, are encased in durable, buoyant shells that can float significant distances. This would impact not only residents of the Virgin Islands, but other nations, as economic refugees migrated to countries with more stable economies.Islands are now valued by people as homes for rare and endangered wildlife. * The island of Avalon is the mystical resting place of Britains King Arthur, first written about by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his History of the Kings of England. The Open Government Partnership co-chaired by the United States and Brazil, aims to fight corruption by securing concrete national action plans to fight corruption from governments. Islands can act as an important reservoir for Australian wildlife. With no competition or threats from other species, the birds adapted to eat different foods. low islands. They are called barrier islands because they act as barriers between the ocean and the mainland. What Are The Natural Resources Of The Solomon Islands? As glaciers melted, the sea level rose around coastal sand dunes, creating low-lying, sandy islands. Public domain.) Leaders have considered migrating the entire Maldivian population to Australia, Sri Lanka, or India if sea levels continue to rise.Climate change can also threaten island economies. Recent evidence suggests these early people also sailed west, across the Indian Ocean. Although greenhouse gases, with the exception of chlorofluorocarbons, are naturally occurring, they have been released in far greater quantities than is natural since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Adaptive radiation is a process in which many species develop to fill a variety of different roles, called niches, in the environment.The most famous example of adaptive radiation is probably the evolution of the finch species of the Galapagos Islands. Australia and Oceania: Physical Geography - National Geographic Society Kazakhstan Chris Michael, editor. Third, major financial centers should agree to harmonize transparency requirements for extractive industries in the biggest stock exchanges, building on the Dodd-Frank legislation. Ships carrying food cargo may accidentally carry tiny, hidden spiders or snakes. Coconut trees are widespread in the Solomon Islands. Thus, to feed its population and gain national Antarctica. A number of islands and archipelagos are under the jurisdiction of the United States, France, the United Kingdom, or New Zealand. In Dubai, companies dig (dredge) sand from the Persian Gulf and spray it near shore. Population change alone does also not lead to more demands for natural resources - although both contribute. Scientists believe the first tortoises probably came to the islands from South America on floating islands. The ocean flooded many low-lying areas, creating islands such as the British Isles, which were once part of mainland Europe.Some large continental islands are broken off the main continental shelf, but still associated with the continent. Heyerdahl successfully sailed a wooden raft, the Kon-Tiki, from Peru to Raroia, French Polynesia, in 1947. Oceania: Islands, Land, People | Cultural Survival tuvalu is a small nation with poor soil and few natural resources. To make matters worse, a crisis of language loss was well under way even before global temperatures began to rise. 13a. The country consists of six major islands and several smaller islands in Oceania. On some of the very small, low atolls, the line between life and death must have been very fine indeed. which country has seen unrest between native peoples and immigrants from india. dating to 800,000 years ago. These include: Crops, such as wheat and barley, vegetables and fruit. Due to colonial neglect and historical isolation, the Pacific Islands, home to the world's most diverse range of indigenous cultures, continue to sustain many ancestral life-ways. Fighting for Survival: Four small islands on the frontline of climate Bleached and dying coral, invasive algae and jellies, and beach pollution reduce the number of tourists who want to dive or snorkel among the coral reefs. into granules that become more dense as air space between the grains decreases. Stratospheric ozone levels over the South Pole vary seasonally due primarily to Earth's tilted axis of rotation and air circulation patterns. Beneath Antarctica's ice sheet, the terrain is mountainous, with the highest average elevation of any continent in the world at 8,200 feet. She or he will best know the preferred format. Under some definitions, only those natural resources that can renew themselves and whose exploitation relies on their regenerativecapacitiesproperly necessitate management. In these places, however, it is not just homes, crops and community cohesiveness that are at risk: it is Tuvaluan, Kiribati and Marshallese the languages native to these islands. only a ring of growing coral visible at the surface. It includes Australia, the smallest continent in terms of total land area. Scalesias are called the Darwins finches of the plant world.The isolated populations on islands can lead to smaller, as well as larger, species. For example, they brought devastating diseases unknown to islanders, who had no resistance to them. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The famous island of Mont Saint-Michel, France is an example of a tidal island.Barrier islands (3) are narrow and lie parallel to coastlines. fiji. alumina, coal, iron ore, copper, lithium, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, rare earth elements, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, opals, natural gas, petroleum;note 1: Australia is the world's largest net exporter of coal accounting for 26.5% of global coal exports in 2021; coal is the countrys most abundant energy resource, and coal ranks as the second-largest export commodity from Australia in terms of revenue; in 2020, Australia held the third-largest recoverable coal reserves in the world behind the United States and Russianote 2: Australia is by far the world's largest supplier of opalsnote 3: Australia holds the largest uranium reserves in the world, and was the second-largest global uranium producer behind Kazakhstan in 2020.note 4: Australia was the largest exporter of LNG in the world in 2020. oil, coal, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, hydropower, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, bauxite, oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls, timber, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, clay, construction materials, silica sand, carbonates, arable land, arable land potential, timber, fish, hydropower, small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber, limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism, timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbonate, lithium, tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower, coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower, diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver, alumina, bauxite, beryllium, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, niobium, phosphates, platinum, tantalum, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber, NEGL; pleasant climate, beaches foster tourism, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land, gold, manganese, zinc, limestone, marble, phosphates, pumice, salt, petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower, arable land, nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum, vanadium, arable land, hydropower, niobium, tantalum, gold, tin, tungsten, kaolin, limestone, salt, basalt rock, limestone, kaolin, fish, clay, gypsum, oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential, arable land, petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower, bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower, fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism, diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil, hydropower, petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt, copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower, coal, iron ore, helium, petroleum, natural gas, arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, cadmium, ferrosilicon, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, lithium, mercury, tantalum, tellurium, tin, titanium, tungsten, antimony, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, rare earth elements, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest), arable land, petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds, hydropower, cobalt, copper, niobium, tantalum, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, uranium, coal, hydropower, timbernote 1: coltan, the industrial name for a columbitetantalite mineral from which niobium and tantalum are extracted, is being linked to warfare in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; mining of coltan is mainly artisanal and small-scale and vulnerable to extortion and human trafficking; fighting over cassiterite deposits, a tin ore, is also a major cause of conflict in eastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; tantalum, tin, tungsten, and gold extracted from central Africa are considered "conflict minerals" and as such are subject to international monitoringnote 2: the DROC is the World's leading producer of cobalt, accounting for as much as 70% of the World's supply; between 20-30% of this cobalt is produced in artisanal and small-scale mining operations which are vulnerable to extortion, human trafficking, and exploitative working conditions including child labor, petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, gold, magnesium, natural gas, hydropower, petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper, gold, nickel, tantalum, silica sand, clay, cocoa beans, coffee, palm oil, hydropower, oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, gypsum, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower, cobalt, nickel, iron ore, chromium, copper, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land, calcium phosphates, protected harbors, hot springs, copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment, hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber, arable land, petroleum, natural gas, fish, arable land, salt, limestone, chalk, stone, gravel and sand, potential geothermal power, gold, clay, granite, limestone, marble, salt, diatomite, gypsum, pumice, petroleum, nickel, bauxite, gold, silver, arable land, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, rare earth elements, zinc, hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum, arable land, petroleum, natural gas, timber, gold, bauxite, diamonds, tantalum, sand and gravel, clay, gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish, oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud, asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc, small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower, iron ore, natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, lead, zinc, bauxite, uranium, potash, salt, hydropower, arable land, timber, fish, fish, squid, wildlife, calcified seaweed, sphagnum moss, fish, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas, timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower, timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone, metropolitan France: coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, arable land, fish; French Guiana:gold deposits, petroleum, kaolin, niobium, tantalum, clay, fish, crayfish, note, Glorioso Islands and Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) have guano, phosphates, and coconutsnote:in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000, petroleum, natural gas, diamond, niobium, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore, hydropower, fish, clay, silica sand, titanium (rutile and ilmenite), tin, zircon, timber, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth, coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land, gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone, lignite, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, lead, zinc, nickel, magnesite, marble, salt, hydropower potential, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, molybdenum, diamonds, gold, platinum, niobium, tantalite, uranium, fish, seals, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas, aquatic wildlife (supporting tourism), fishing (largely undeveloped), petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle, hydropower, bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish, salt, fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, clay, granite, limestone, unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish, bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower, arable land, timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, hydropower, bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land, fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite, coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), antimony, iron ore, lead, manganese, mica, bauxite, rare earth elements, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land, oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silvernote: Indonesia is the World's leading producer of nickel with an output of 1.6 million mt in 2022, petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur, petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur, natural gas, peat, copper, lead, zinc, silver, barite, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, timber, potash, copper ore, natural gas, phosphate rock, magnesium bromide, clays, sand, coal, antimony, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land, negligible mineral resources, fish; note - with virtually no natural energy resources, Japan is almost totally dependent on foreign, imported sources of energy, major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite, gypsum, wildlife, hydropower, phosphate (production discontinued in 1979), coconuts (copra), fish, coal, iron ore, limestone, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, precious metals, hydropower, coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential, nickel, lead, zinc, magnesium, lignite, kaolin, chrome, bauxite, abundant hydropower; gold, rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas; other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc, timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones, peat, limestone, dolomite, amber, hydropower, timber, arable land, limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region, arable land, water, agricultural and grazing land, diamonds, sand, clay, building stone, iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower, iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land, graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, rare earth elements, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower, limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite, tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite, gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum, granite, hydropower, note, bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited, coconut products, marine products, deep seabed minerals, iron ore, gypsum, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold, oil, fish, petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber, timber, marine products, deep-seabed minerals, phosphate, lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, limestone, arable land, oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt, coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite, diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, silver, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, tungsten, zinc, salt, hydropower, fish; note - suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore, quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore, natural gas, petroleum, peat, limestone, salt, sand and gravel, arable land, nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper, natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone, gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish, uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum, gypsum, salt, petroleum, natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, arable land, low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, titanium, pyrites, nickel, fish, timber, hydropower, petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas, oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish, arable land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone, forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed minerals, copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower, gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil, fisheries, hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone, copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas, timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper, miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish; note - manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have been discovered offshore, coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land, fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower, some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore oil, petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower, wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber, note, formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources, gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land, few natural resources; beaches foster tourism, forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper, oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land, diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite, lignite, small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land, lignite, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests, fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead, zinc, nickel, uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves, gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gasnote: South Africa was the World's leading chromite ore producer in 2022 with an output of 18,000 mt, hydropower, fertile agricultural land, gold, diamonds, petroleum, hardwoods, limestone, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, probable large oil and gas fields on the continental margin; manganese nodules, possible placer deposits, sand and gravel, fresh water as icebergs; squid, whales, and seals - none exploited; krill, fish, coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land, fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential, limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower, arable land, petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold; hydropower, timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, phosphate, wildlife, fish, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, arsenic, feldspar, timber, hydropower, petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower, small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, asbestos, arable land, hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold, hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones (including tanzanite, found only in Tanzania), gold, natural gas, nickel, tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land, gold, petroleum, natural gas, manganese, marble, phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land, petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt, coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower, copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land, gold, iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land, coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, tin, limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, potash, silica sand, slate, arable land, coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, rare earth elements, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber, arable land;note 1: the US has the world's largest coal reserves with 491 billion short tons accounting for 27% of the world's totalnote 2: the US is reliant on foreign imports for 100% of its needs for the following strategic resources: Arsenic, Cesium, Fluorspar, Gallium, Graphite, Indium, Manganese, Niobium, Rare Earths, Rubidium, Scandium, Tantalum, Yttrium; see Appendix H: Strategic Materials for further details, arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fish, natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds, antimony, phosphates, coal, manganese, rare earth elements, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, timber, hydropower, arable land, the rapid depletion of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality pose serious long-term problems, petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper; fertile soil in west, copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower, coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI).
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