The general synod was made up of all Metropolitans (Archbishops) and bishops. But Bar Sauma, having become Bishop of Nisibis, the nearest important city to Edessa, broke with the weak Catholicos, whom he had deposed at the Synod of Beth Lapat in April, 484. The exact location of the Churchs first congregations cannot be established from the historical record, but it is thought that it began its most serious development in the region of Khdayab (Adiabene) in northern Mesopotamia, spreading from there in all directions throughout the empire. The ancient Christian community in Assyria (now modern-day Iran, Iraq and Syria) dates back to the first century, and is traditionally said to have been founded by the apostle Thomas. The present Patriarch is based in Chicago. The consecration of the Patriarch-elect is scheduled to take place in Baghdad in June 2023. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Under Mongol rule Christian missionaries were again able to enter China, and the Assyrians had an archbishop in the Mongol capital of Kambaluk (modernday Beijing). The baptismal liturgy resembles the eucharistic liturgy in form. In 399, when Yazdgard I became King of Persia, Emperor Arcadius sent Bishop Maruthas of Martyropolis to congratulate him on his accession. Christian communities existed in the regions of Assyria, Babylonia, and Persia as early as the second century. Baptism is administered to infants of Christian families and to new converts. Babai himself wrote a great number of commentaries and hagiographies to defeat the Monophysites and the Origenist Henana, and developed the only systematic Assyrian Christology. The Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East has requested that the term "Nestorian Church" not be used, because of its historically negative connotations. Ecumenical council Toward the end of his reign Yazdgard was influenced by the magi, who were alarmed by the spread of Christianity; and he ordered the destruction of Christian churches and the exile of Christians themselves. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The Holy Synods of both churches subsequently ratified a "Joint Synodal Decree for Promoting Unity" in 1997. About us - Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Ancient Christian religious body from Assyria, Traditional ecclesiastical jurisdictions of, Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the, Toggle List of catholicos-patriarchs subsection, Toggle Relationship with the Assyrian Church of the East subsection, Relationship with the Assyrian Church of the East, Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarchate of Ethiopia, Eritrean Orthodox Patriarchate of Eritrea, Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, List of patriarchs of the Church of the East, "ASIA/IRAQ - Mar Yakoob III Danil elected new Patriarch of the Ancient Church of the East - Agenzia Fides", "Patriarch of Ancient Church of the East Mar Yakoob III Danil abdicates two months after election", "Mor Gorgis Younan elected as new Patriarch of Ancient Church of the East", " ", "New era for the Ancient Church of the East: The inauguration of His Grace Mar Gewargis Younan", "Pin Up AZ onlayn kazino Bonuslar Pin Up rsmi sayt", The Assyrian: Ancient Church of the East moves to change calendar, "Press Release from the holy Council of Bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East", "Statement of the Council of Hierarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East (2015)", "Biography of His Holiness Mar Gewargis III", "Chicago Commemorates the 100th Martyrdom Anniversary of Mar Benyamin Shimun XXI", "Ancient Church of the East picks new patriarch, puts brakes on reunification", "New patriarch elected for the Ancient Church of the East", MalankaraPersian ecclesiastical relations, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria, Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad, Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, Architecture of cathedrals and great churches, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Church_of_the_East&oldid=1161860643, Christian organizations established in 1964, Christian denominations established in the 20th century, Articles containing Tagalog-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, Yacob Daniel, Metropolitan of the Archdiocese of Australia and New Zealand (seat in, Zaia Khoshaba, Metropolitan of the Archdiocese of Canada and the United States (seat in, Toma Aramia, Metropolitan who resides in Canada (seat in, Gewargis Younan, Bishop of the Diocese of Eastern United States and Secretary of the Holy Synod (seat in, This page was last edited on 25 June 2023, at 13:31. List of Assyrian kings - Wikipedia About the Chaldean Church Transferred to Edessa, the school became famous for its adaptation of Aristotelian philosophy to theology and for its translations of Greek works into Syriac. On Nov. 11, 1994, Mar Dinkha IV of the Assyrian Church and Pope John Paul II signed a Common Christological Declaration in the Vatican, recognizing that the Assyrians and Catholics are united in a common christology. Assyrians faced reprisals under the Hashemite monarchy for co-operating with Britain during the years after World War I, and most fled to the West. But in the Syriac-speaking world Theodore of Mopsuestia was held in very high esteem, and the condemnation of his pupil Nestorius was not received well. In 1976 Mar Dinkha IV was elected as Shimun's successor, and announced the permanent end of the hereditary succession. Factbox: Iraq's Christian denominations | Reuters The great organizer and reformer of monasticism among the Assyrians was Abraham of Kashkar (50186). The school flourished until 363, when Nisibis was handed over to the Persians by the Emperor Jovian after Julian's disastrous campaign against Ctesiphon. This historic model no longer exists due to the greatly reduced numbers within the Church and the dislocations of its membership. [22] The Archdiocese of Australia and New Zealand under the leadership of Metropolitan Mar Meelis Zaia is the fastest growing Assyrian church diocese and community in the world. Soon Babai's writings and Christology became normative, and the writings of Henana were doomed to oblivion. The surviving evidence from Central Asia, including a large number of dated graves, indicates that the crisis for the Assyrian church occurred in the 1340s rather than the 1390s. List of patriarchs of the Church of the East - Wikipedia Assyrian Christians reached India at an early date, either overland or via Christians in the Persian Gulf. At the beginning of the 21st century, the Assyrian Church is not in formal communion with any church. Nasrani Patriarchatus ) is a patriarch's office, see, reign, or, most ofte, Thascius Caecilianus Cyprianus They granted protection to Nestorians (462). This implicit declaration of independence from the Church of the West was followed in later years by the adoption of the radical Christological doctrines of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Nestorius. The Church of the East, also called the Persian Church or Nestorian Church, was a Christian church of the East Syriac rite established c. 410. In 1804 the hereditary line of Patriarchs in Alqosh died out, and that church's hierarchy decided to accept the authority of the Chaldean patriarchs. no:Den assyriske kirke i st A council is known to have been held at Seleucia-Ctesiphon about 325 to deal with jurisdictional conflicts among the leading bishops. Hypostasis - Ousia The Ancient Church of the East is an Eastern Christian denomination. The normative Christology of the Assyrian church was written by Babai the Great (551628) and is clearly distinct from the accusations directed toward Nestorius: his main christological work is called the 'Book of the Union', and in it Babai teaches that the two qnome (essences, or hypostases) are unmingled but everlastingly united in the one parsopa (personality) of Christ. An inscribed stone, set up in February, 781 at Chou-Chih (Pinyin, "Zhouzhi"), fifty miles to the south-west, commonly (if incorrectly) called the Nestorian Stele, describes the introduction of Christianity into China from Persia in the reign of Tang Taizong. Later Greek, Syrian, and Persian legends variously maintain that the Apostles Peter and Thomas preached to the Parthians and that Thaddaeus, Bartholomew, and Addaeus (addai), one of the 72 Disciples, evangelized Mesopotamia and Persia. 220) was the founder of Latin Christian theology. At the synod of Beth Lapat it was also decided that monks and all church dignitaries should marry. After traveling in Egypt and spending some time in Nisibis, he established a retreat on Mount Izl. The 1990s was a period of significant ecumenical developments. [29] In 1996, Mar Dinkha IV signed an agreement of cooperation with the Chaldean Patriarch of Baghdad, Raphael I Bidawid, in Southfield, Michigan. Awa Royel issued a statement on the same day, notifying the public that a response to the Ancient Church of the East's recommendations for reunification had been delivered to their prelates. The Assyrian Church of the East known officially as the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East[2][3] (in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic , Itt Qaddisht wa-Shlikhit Qattoliqi d-Madnkh d-tury, in Arabic ), in Persian ), which is presently presided over by H.H. The counter reforms reached their zenith in 571 when Abraham the Great of Kashkar founded a new monastery on Mt. Bishop Awa Royel, the Patriarch-Elect of the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East. The Church is governed by Episcopal polity, which is the same as other Catholic churches. In 1964, the issue of hereditary succession again caused a schism, with the establishment of the Ancient Church of the East in 1974 and the subsequent election of Mar Thoma Darmo as a rival catholicos-patriarch in the newly established church in opposition to the hereditary Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Asian - Copts While this removes the underlying dispute, the rift between the rival Patriarchs still exists, with Mar Addai as the successor to Mar Thomas Darmo at the head of a group called the Ancient Church of the East. It is a Christian church, and one of the oldest. But Bar Sauma, having become Bishop of Nisibis, the nearest important city to Edessa, broke with the weak Catholicos, whom he had deposed at the Synod of Beth Lapat in April, 484. Babai the Great together with Archdeacon Mar Aba administered the church without the authority vested in the position of the Catholicos. Of a kindly disposition, he ruled the Assyrian Church through a stormy period under seven Mongol kings and had the consolation of baptizing some of them. Missionaries sent out by him made numerous converts in Tibet and Chinese Turkestan, who were to be of great importance because of the connections these peoples had with the Mongols. A single parish exists in the People's Republic of China, whose existence stretches back to antiquity, and another in Moscow. New Catholic Encyclopedia. The Chaldean community was less numerous at the time of the British Mandate of Palestine, and did not play a major role in the British rule of the country. ml: While this removed the underlying dispute, the rift between the rival Patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East and the rival Ancient Church of the East still exists, with Mar Addai II as the successor to Mar Thoma Darmo at the head of a the rival Ancient Church of the East. The Assyrian church was not allowed to choose a new Catholicos, and its theological tradition was undermined by Henana. ru: Bishops from the Church of the East were sent from Mesopotamia to India until the Sixteenth century, but ecclesio-political considerations related to Portuguese missions meant that for the next few centuries bishops for India were ordained only with authorization from Rome, or from the Chaldean Catholic Church (a particular church in communion with Rome). Origins. Following an anointing with oil there is a triple immersion in consecrated water in the name of the Holy Trinity, and a final sealing, which is Confirmation, with the imposition of hands at the door of the altar. The conquest of Persia by the Arabs brought two centuries of relative peace and prosperity to the Assyrian Church. His hope that the Mongols would join forces with the Christians of the West to crush Islam was doomed to failure. The church maintains a system of geographical parishes organized into archdioceses and dioceses. . A strong presence existed by the eighth century when Patriarch Timothy I (727-823) in 782 calls the Tibetans one of the more significant communities of the Church of the East and wrote of the need to appoint another bishop in ca. A bishops legitimacy endures only so long as he himself maintains such full communion. When the Persians demanded the return of Christians who had fled into Roman territories, war broke out. In 1804 the hereditary line of Patriarchs in Alqosh died out, and that church's hierarchy decided to accept the authority of the Chaldean Catholic Church patriarchs. Assyrian Church of the East - INFOGALACTIC [16], After the death of Mar Addai II, reunification failed in May 2022 and the election of a new patriarch was therefore launched.[17][18]. It has also been referred to, inaccurately, by a number of other names. M, Christianity, derived from Judaism to become the dominant religion of western Europe and the driving force behind its civilization, has underpinned m, The North African theologian and apologist Tertullian (ca. Cyril of Alexandria worked hard to remove Nestorius and his supporters and followers from power. The date had previously been arranged for the election of the new Catholicos-Patriarch. In 1551 a group of Assyrian Christians eager for re-union met at Mosul and delegated Sullq, superior of the monastery of Rabbn Hormizd, near Alksh, to go to Rome. The Patriarch Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII, though born into the line of Patriarchs at Qochanis, was educated in Britain. The early history of this mission has been recorded on the so-called "Nestorian Monument" of Xi'anfu erected in February 781 and discovered in 1625. The Sign of the Cross, Unction, and Holy Leaven are defined as additional Sacraments. Encyclopedia.com. Miaphysitism - Monophysitism ka: Assyrian Church may refer to: Chaldean Catholic Church, an Eastern Christian church founded by and composed of ethnic Assyrians entered into communion with Rome. Assyrian priest with his family.jpg 2,048 921; 224 KB. Mar Dinkha IV was elected as Shimun's successor, and announced the permanent end of the hereditary succession. A bishop is considered legitimate if he has been ordained into the Apostolic succession by at least two (preferably more) other bishops who are themselves properly ordained and in full communion with their fellow bishops. Yacoub Daniel flew in from Australia for the meeting, and Zaia traveled from Canada. ." However with the exodus of Assyrians, the Chaldean Catholic Church became the largest non-Muslim group in Iraq, and many later rose to power in the Ba'ath Party government, the most prominent being Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz. Some fled to Iraq following the massacres by the Ottoman army during World War One. The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East [1] is presently presided over by H.H. Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East Commission on Inter-Church Relations and Education Development: Qambel Maran- Syriac chants from South India- a review and liturgical music tradition of Syriac Christians revisited, Traditions and rituals among the Syrian Christians of Kerala, Website of the Moscow parish of the Assyrian Church of the East, Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East from Vatican.va, Guidelines for Chaldean Catholics receiving the Eucharist in Assyrian Churches, Dialogue between the Syrian and Assyrian Churches, Website of the Assyrian Church of the East in Vienna /Austria (german), Khader Khano, the first native-born Assyrian to be ordained priest in Jerusalem in over 100 years, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Assyrian Evangelical Church, a Presbyterian . Oriental Orthodoxy The Church of the East is governed according to the Apostolic model of bishops, presbyters, and deacons. The two patriarchs signed a document titled Common Christological Declaration between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East. The wars of 610628 between the Persian and Byzantine empires weakened the political standing of the Assyrian church and several sees and villages were lost to the Miaphysites (see Oriental Orthodoxy). Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! Assyrian Church of the East | Encyclopedia.com Attempts by the Bishops to censor and condemn Henana failed because of his protection by the royal court and he remained head of the school, even though almost all the students left. Currently, there are no current or previous separatist parishes that emerged as a reaction to the decision of June 2010, despite claims made by several websites and sources. When the Catholicos Gregory I died in 609, Chosroes II ordered the confiscation of his goods and forbade the election of a successor. In particular, he drove out married monks. The teaching of the Church of the East is based on the faith of the universal Church as set forth in the Nicene Creed. The Church of the East is sometimes referred to as the Nestorian Church. In India this church known as the Chaldean Syrian church of the east. Soon Babai's writings and Christology became normative, and the writings of Henana were doomed to oblivion. The missionary labors of the Assyrians were partially due to the persecutions to which they were subject. In 424 the bishops of Persia met in council under the leadership of Catholicos Dadiso and determined that there would be no reference of their disciplinary or theological problems to any other power, especially not to any church council in the Roman Empire.[7]. Numerous gravestones written in Syriac survive from this time period in what is today Kyrgyzstan and Inner Mongolia. The mystery of the Holy Trinity and the mystery of the Incarnation are central to its teaching. COPTIC CHURCH . The letter requested a prompt response to the terms, and the election of the new Patriarch was suspended until the following week, on June 8, 2015. A fourteenth-century monument in the remains of the Monastery of the Cross at Zhoukoudian in the Fangshan District near Beijing can still be seen,[13] and a nearby inscription reveals the presence of a Christian monk as late as 1438. "[2], Mar Yacob III Daniel was elected as new patriarch in June 2022. An Introduction to the Church of the East Realizing their own cultural inferiority, they employed Christian scholars to translate the writings of the ancient Greek philosophers into Arabic and were thus able to acquire the Hellenic culture that they later communicated to the Christians of the West. Church of the East | Encyclopedia.com It was located in what is now northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey. The Persian kings, who were at constant war with the Roman Empire, saw the opportunity to assure the loyalty of their Christian subjects and supported the Nestorian schism: At the time of the arrival of the Nestorian refugees from Edessa, the prelate was Babaeus or Babowai (sometimes also called 'Babai', not to be confused with 'Babai the Great') (457484), who appears to have received them with open arms. During the course of the next century several monasteries and a metropolitanate were established. A priest ordained by a bishop in the apostolic succession is required for the Consecration, and a deacon is required to assist the celebrant. Pope John Paul II meets with Mar Denkha IV, the Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East (to the right of the pope), and Mar Bawai Soro, Bishop of the Western United States. Eastern Orthodox - Georgian - Ukrainian, Traditions The humanity which he took for his own was assumed by God the Word, who was, thenceforth and for ever, the personal subject of the divine and human natures. The first Assyrian missionaries reached China in 631. [20] The St. Hurmizd Assyrian Primary School provides education for over 3,600 students. There are also grounds for believing that there were Assyrian Christian communities in Java, as one Assyrian patriarch consecrated a metropolitan bishop for 'Dabagh, Sin and Masin', three regions which have been identified with Java, northern China and southern China respectively. The Catholicos became the presiding bishop over the entire Church, and his dignity and power were subsequently added to in the fifth century when he received the title Patriarch. Assyria, kingdom of northern Mesopotamia that became the centre of one of the great empires of the ancient Middle East. Retrieved May 26, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/assyrian-church-east. He taught that the two qnome (essence or hypostasis) are unmingled but everlastingly united in the one parsopa (personality) of Christ. Ordinary Christians were forced to accept a lower position in society and to pay a special tax. Since 1969, the see of the Ancient Church of the East is headquartered in Baghdad. On May 22, 2015, a meeting involving prelates of both Holy Councils took place in a suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the library of St. Andrew's Assyrian Church of the East. It is an apostolic church established by Thomas the Apostle, Addai of Edessa, and Bartholomew the Apostle. In 449 at the "Robber Synod" of ephesus Ibas was deposed on the basis of a letter that he had written to the Persian Bishop Mari of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (433 or 436), in which he defended Diodore of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia while strenuously rejecting Nestorius. It sometimes calls itself the Assyrian Orthodox Church, but should not be confused with the distinct Syriac Orthodox Church, which is an Oriental Orthodox body. The counter reforms reached their zenith in 571 when Abraham the Great of Kashkar founded a new monastery on Mt. Though Ibas was reinstated at Chalcedon (451) after anathematizing Nestorius, his letter was condemned at the Council of constantinople ii (553) as one of the "Three Chapters." Since then, the Ancient Church of the East officially conducts the entire liturgical year, feasts and commemorations according to the Julian calendar, except for Christmas day. Voice of the East English Articles Voice of the East Nov-Dec 2022 March 24, 2023 202 Read More Voice of the East July-Aug Sept-Oct 2002 March 24, 2023 56 Voice of the East May - June 2022 March 24, 2023 73 Voice of the East March-April 2022 The history of the Assyrians encompasses nearly five millennia, covering the history of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization of Assyria, including its territory, culture and people, as well as the later history of the Assyrian people after the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 609 BC. The same God the Word, begotten of his Father before all worlds without beginning according to his divinity, was begotten of a mother without a father in the last times according to his humanity, in a body of flesh, with a rational, intelligent, and immortal soul which he took from the womb of the Blessed Virgin Mary and united to himself, making it his very own at the moment of conception. Iconography The wars of 610628 between the Persian and Byzantine empires weakened the political standing of the Assyrian church and several sees and villages were lost to the Monophysites. It branched from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964, under the leadership of Mar Toma Darmo (d. 1969). This latter group became known as the Chaldean Catholic Church. Attempts by the Bishops to censor and condemn Henana failed because of his protection by the royal court and he remained head of the school, even though almost all the students left. His divine and human natures retain their own properties, faculties, and operations unconfusedly, immutably, undividedly, and inseparably. Christianization of Bulgaria This church is sometimes referred to as the "Nestorian Church", the "Syrian Church" or the "Persian Church." Driven from their homes, they established new centers of Christianity in remote parts of the kingdom or in foreign lands. Ancient Church of the East, an Eastern Christian denomination founded in 1968. Letters of Patriarch Timothy I of Baghdad mention churches in both India and China ca.800. At court Bar Sauma urged the advantages of a married Christian clergy, a project favored by the Magi, and a Christian teaching or doctrine that would be different from that of Byzantium. [3] In the month of August, patriarch-elect Mar Yacob III Daniel abdicated,[4] and on 12 November 2022 the Holy Synod elected Mar Gewargis Younan to take his place. ." Mar Dinkha IV, is a Christian particular church and one of the oldest. Matrimony and funeral services consist largely of Psalms, anthems, and blessings. Saint Thaddeus was martyred c.66 AD. They are lengthy, colorful, and emotional occasions, and reflect ancient customs and usages. Oneness Pentecostal. On the death of Ibas in 457 Narses, who had succeeded him as head of the school of Edessa, was driven from the city by the Monophysites. In the same year Babowai was accused before the king of conspiring with Constantinople and cruelly put to death. id:Gereja Timur Asiria Izla above Nisibis to revive the strict monastic movement, and Henana of Adiabene became head of the school of Nisibis. A Fourteenth Century monument in the remains of the Monastery of the Cross at Zhoukoudian in the Fangshan District near Beijing can still be seen. For a time he sought a homeland for the Assyrians in Iraq but was forced to take refuge in Cyprus in 1933, later moving to Chicago, Illinois and finally settling near San Francisco. [5], Prior to a certain decree, there were already a few parishes in the diaspora that celebrated Christmas according to the Gregorian calendar date. Metousiosis, In 410 the Sasanid emperor summoned the eastern church leaders to the Synod of Seleucia. (May 26, 2023). The Latin Crusades provided various contacts between the Churches of the East and the West, and these in turn led to more or less successful attempts at reunion with Rome. Church of the East - The Spiritual Life The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East is founded by Thomas, Theodos and Bartholomew. Churches, a Mission, Ss Peter and Paul English Parish,and an Assyrian Primary School. It branched from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964, under the leadership of Mar Toma Darmo (d. 1969). The Church of the East, as this branch of Aramaic speaking Christianity came to be known, was officially founded by the Apostles, Mar Patros (St. Peter), Mar Toma (St. Thomas), Mar Addai (St. Thaddeus) and Mar Mari of the seventy disciples. This resulted in the organization of the Chaldean Syrian Church as a part of the Church of the East. Encyclopedia.com. Nestorius, a pupil of Theodore of Mopsuestia and bishop of Constantinople, was condemned because he refused to call the Virgin Mary 'mother of God'. Assyrian Church of the East in China | Religion Wiki | Fandom The Assyrian Church | World Council of Churches The college eventually accommodated some 800 students and became so famous that Pope agapetus i and cassiodorus thought of founding a similar one in Italy. The Assyrian Church of the East is headed by the Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East, who, after the church hierarchy fled Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War, has resided in Chicago, Illinois, United States. [14], It turned out that unification was not achievable. At a synod held by the Assyrian bishops in 612 without the presidency of a patriarch, the Christology of the energetic monk Bbai the Great was adopted. OR THE CHURCH OF THE. On his return from the Council of Nicaea in 325 he founded a theological school at Nisibis and entrusted its direction to the future saint and Doctor of the Church ephrem the syrian. In 1964, the issue of hereditary succession again caused a schism, with the subsequent election of Mar Thoma Darmo as a rival to the hereditary Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII. Church of the East in China - Wikipedia
The Cliff Highlands De Busay Opening Hours, Articles W