It should be stressed that a religion, such as Islamic, nationality, language, customs or culture does not determine a race. Which state is in the sunbelt? A. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [110] Of the 63 people in Fort Bull, half of whom were civilians, only 3 soldiers, one carpenter and one woman survived the Battle of Fort Bull as Lry reported "I could not restrain the ardor of the soldiers and the Canadians. Hiawatha learned from Deganawida how to establish a union of nations and how virtuous and patient the men would need to be. There, the kindness, faith, and heroic suffering of one young Christianized Mohawk woman, known as Lily of the Mohawks, would eventually (2011) earn her canonization as St. Kateri Tekakwitha. [296] In 1987, Cornell University held a conference on the link between the Iroquois' government and the U.S. "[299] Historian Francis Jennings noted that supporters of the thesis frequently cite the following statement by Benjamin Franklin, made in a letter from Benjamin Franklin to James Parker in 1751:[292] "It would be a very strange thing, if six Nations of ignorant savages should be capable of forming a Scheme for such a Union and yet that a like union should be impracticable for ten or a Dozen English Colonies," but he disagrees that it establishes influence. + 1! It covered all reservations' lands within the state and prohibited the deprivation of hunting and fishing rights which may have been guaranteed to "any Indian tribe, band, or community, or members thereof." Slaves brought onto Haudenosaunee territory were mainly adopted into families or kin groups that had lost a person. In July 1701, they concluded the "Nanfan Treaty", deeding the English a large tract north of the Ohio River. All his winnings were handed over to a "manager" or "managers" for his side. rates of poverty and homelessness Which of the following is an EOC function. The Emigrant Indians of New York included the Oneida, Stockbridge-Munsee, and Brothertown Indians of Wisconsin. As pursuit was impracticable, the French army commenced its return march on August 10. Condolence ceremonies are conducted by the Iroquois for both ordinary and important people, but most notably when a hoyane (sachem) died. In 1888, J.N.B. Either the warriors would go on a "mourning war" or would be marked by the clan mothers as cowards forever, which made them unmarriageable. [63] By 1640, there were almost no beavers left on their lands, reducing the Iroquois to middlemen in the fur trade between Indian peoples to the west and north, and Europeans eager for the valuable thick beaver pelts. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [179], The Haudenosaunee engaged in tactics that the French, the British, and the Americans all considered to be cowardly, until the Americans adopted similar guerrilla tactics. [203], Using these ingredients they prepared meals of boiled corn bread and cornmeal sweetened with maple syrup, known today as Indian pudding. We're planting a vegetable garden-have you heard of victory gardens?, right behind our school The title Tadodaho is still used for the League's chair, the fiftieth chief who sits with the Onondaga in council. The Cayuga have a single feather at a forty-five degree angle. [104] The Canadian Iroquois joined the expedition, which left Montreal on February 29, 1756 on the understanding that they would only fight against the British, not the League Iroquois, and they would not be assaulting a fort. In Reflections in Bullough's Pond, historian Diana Muir argues that the pre-contact Iroquois were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the corn/beans/squash agricultural complex enabled them to support a large population. Which position is always staffed in ICS applications? This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. [181] Wampum belts played a major role in the Condolence Ceremony and in the raising of new chiefs. [175] The captives were either adopted into Haudenosaunee families to become assimilated, or were to be killed after bouts of ritualized torture as a way of expressing rage at the death of a family member. After the 1701 peace treaty with the French, the Iroquois remained mostly neutral. [63] Trying to control access to game for the lucrative fur trade, they invaded the Algonquian peoples of the Atlantic coast (the Lenape, or Delaware), the Anishinaabe of the boreal Canadian Shield region, and not infrequently the English colonies as well. [102] At the Treaty of Fort Easton in October 1758, the Iroquois forced the Lenape and Shawnee who had been fighting for the French to declare neutrality. Moiety (B) clans: Turtle, Bear, Deer The Mohawk reservation at Oka had become dominated by a group called the Mohawk Warrior Society that engaged in practices that American and Canadian authorities considered smuggling across the U.S.-Canada border, and were well armed with assault rifles. [248], To obtain captives, Haudenosaunee peoples fought "mourning wars". It requires two yards of cloth, which is worn with the selvedge at the top and bottom; the skirt being secured about the waist and descending nearly to the top of the moccasin." The Bill of Rights is a text imposed in 1689 on the sovereigns of England (William III and Marie II) following the Glorious Revolution. According to their founding tradition, the Peacemaker story, these Iroquois peopleswho had warred with each other for decadescame together between 1570 and 1600 to live in peace and harmony after Hiawatha, a mourning Onondaga, joined the itinerant Peacemaker (Dekanawidah) in pursuing unity amongthe Iroquois. After the coming of Europeans, the Iroquois started to grow apples, pears, cherries, and peaches. [219] The clan mothers, the elder women of each clan, are highly respected. [as of? = 0 User: 2^0 + 2^1 Weegy: 0! Log in for more information. Constitution. [134] In the War of 1812, the Canadian Iroquois again declared their neutrality. [219] It is regarded as incest by the Iroquois to marry within one's matrilineal clan, but considered acceptable to marry someone from the same patrilineal clan. A. Anasazi B. Iroquois C. Algonquian D. Powhatan. In 1663, a large Iroquois invasion force was defeated at the Susquehannock main fort. This was a prerequisite for a man to be made a chief, and it was also essential for men who wanted to marry. The first five nations listed below formed the original Five Nations (listed from east to west, as they were oriented to the sunrise); the Tuscarora became the sixth nation in 1722. access to public transportation User: Which one of the following Weegy: The methods of handling businesses and industries that conduct business around the world is known as Weegy: Which US president was referred to as "Old Hickory" A. George Washington B. Thomas Jefferson C. James Madison D. Weegy: The Incident Commander is the only position that is always staffed in ICS applications. Iroquois Confederacy, self-name Haudenosaunee ("People of the Longhouse"), also called Iroquois League, Five Nations, or (from 1722) Six Nations, confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. Other Iroquoian-language peoples,[56] including the populous Wyandot (Huron), with related social organization and cultures, became extinct as tribes as a result of disease and war. [265] In "Northern Iroquoian Slavery", Starna and Watkins suggest that sometimes torture was so brutal that captives died before being adopted. 1991. The Great Law of Peace, credited largely to two visionary culture heroes, Hiawatha and Deganawida (a.k.a. Recent scholarship has elaborated on this view, arguing that the Beaver Wars were an escalation of the Iroquoian tradition of "Mourning Wars". [194] Because of their appearance with the palisade, Europeans termed them castles. The remainder were more than 10,000 Oneida in Wisconsin, and about 2200 Seneca-Cayuga in Oklahoma. = 2 User: 2^0 + 1^1 Weegy: 0! The Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian. [102] The British historian Michael Johnson wrote the Iroquois had "played a major supporting role" in the final British victory in the Seven Years' War. They were not concerned with such goals as expansion of territory or glory in battle, as were the Europeans. Claims had to be filed within a five-year period, and most of the 370 complaints that were submitted[145] were filed at the approach of the five-year deadline in August 1951. [295] In 1988, the United States Congress passed a resolution to recognize the influence of the Iroquois League upon the Constitution and Bill of Rights. Why was South Carolina established as a colony? The belt has four squares and a tree in the middle which represents the original Five Nations of the Iroquois. While the indigenous nations sometimes tried to remain neutral in the various colonial frontier wars, some also allied with Europeans, as in the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War. One of those areas was Florida. [154] The arguments the Six Nations made in their hearings with committees were that their treaties showed that the United States recognized that their lands belonged to the Six Nations, not the United States, and that "termination contradicted any reasonable interpretation that their lands would not be claimed or their nations disturbed" by the federal government. = 2 User: 6^0 - 3^0 Weegy: Coordinating plans and determining resource needs, Collecting, analyzing, and sharing information, Providing WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming app for sharing your life as it happens, without filters, editing, or anything fake. bearings to the crankshaft throws., When the cell excretes sodium from within against the natural tendency of matter it is performing, Find an equation for the line that passes through the points (-2, 1) and (6, -5). Atotaroh became the confederacys central firekeeper, handing down the title to this day at Onondaga. [98] The settlements of the Palatines were intermixed with the Iroquois villages. "[65], Beginning in 1609, the League engaged in the decades-long Beaver Wars against the French, their Huron allies, and other neighboring tribes, including the Petun, Erie, and Susquehannock. "[124] In other words, even though the British were the strongest and best organized faction, the Six Nations had concerns about whether they would truly be able to enforce their agreements from so far away. [18] Continental army officers such as George Washington had attempted to destroy the Iroquois.[121]. The Iroquois did not use writing, so they told this story orally until settlers from Europe wrote it down. They were said to come from the north, beyond the Susquehannock territory. Find an equation for the line that passes through the points (-4, -1) and (6, 3), Consider the relationship 3r+2t=18 A. write the relationship as a function r=f(t) At the time of first European contact the Iroquois lived in a small number of large villages scattered throughout their territory. most plantations were owned by white farmers, and most slaves work on these plantations. The 114th Battalion was formed in December 1915 and broken up in November 1916 to provide reinforcements for other battalions. [237], At harvest time, Iroquois women would use corn husks to make hats, dolls, rope and moccasins. [21] Other early French spellings include "Erocoise", "Hiroquois", "Hyroquoise", "Irecoies", "Iriquois", "Iroquaes", "Irroquois", and "Yroquois",[15] pronounced at the time as [irokwe] or [irokw]. His pal, Igor, weighs 6 pounds. [77] The Jesuit missions in Huronia on the shores of Georgian Bay were abandoned in the face of the Iroquois attacks, with the Jesuits leading the surviving Hurons east towards the French settlements on the St. The French were allies of their enemies, the Algonquins and Hurons, and after the Iroquois had destroyed the Huron confederacy in 1648-50, they launched devastating raids on New France for the next decade and a half. ", The women did not paint their faces. Some anthropologists have found evidence of ritual torture and cannibalism at Iroquois sites, for example, among the Onondaga in the sixteenth century. The remaining Catholic Haudenosaunee warriors refused to pursue the retreating Seneca.[87]. grew out of Democratic Societies. The tree symbol in the center represents an Eastern White Pine, the needles of which are clustered in groups of five. Each nation individually weighed their options to come up with a final stance that ultimately broke neutrality and ended the collective agreement of the Confederation. The fate of the Iroquoian people that Cartier encountered remains a mystery, and all that can be stated for certain is when Champlain arrived, they were gone. "[citation needed] Originally the membership seems to have been on the basis of moiety, but by 1909 all societies seems to have been open to all men regardless of kinship. Many of the names in the story have been passed down through generations and are considered metaphorical for citizens of the Haudenosaunee Six Nations today. By 1677, the Iroquois formed an alliance with the English through an agreement known as the Covenant Chain. Moiety (B) clans: Bear, Turtle [29][30][31] According to this view, Iroquois political and diplomatic decisions are made on the local level and are based on assessments of community consensus. [101] Though the Battle of Lake George was a British victory, the heavy losses taken by the Mohawk and Oneida at the battle caused the League to declare neutrality in the war. Religious dissenters B. [181] Wampum belts are used to signify the importance of a specific message being presented. [165], Beginning in 1978, the Brothertown Indians submitted a petition to regain federal recognition. According to the English Bill of Rights, the Parliament had to agree to taxation for it to be lawful. The exhaustion of the beavers' population led to men traveling for longer distances; this resulted in women having a more influential role in their societies because of the long absence of men. Explanation: Smells is a verb in this sentence because there is an object used. The most important of the ceremonies were the New Year Festival, the Maple Festival held in late March to celebrate spring, the Sun Shooting Festival which also celebrates spring, the Seed Dance in May to celebrate the planting of the crops, the Strawberry Festival in June to celebrate the ripening of the strawberries, the Thunder Ceremony to bring rain in July, the Green Bean Festival in early August, the Green Corn Festival in late August and the Harvest Festival in October. [b] Competing theories have been proposed for this term's origin, but none have gained widespread acceptance. [7], According to data compiled in 1995 by Doug George-Kanentiio, a total of 51,255 Six Nations people lived in Canada. Modern scholars of the Iroquois distinguish between the League and the Confederacy. Leland Donald suggests in "Slavery in Indigenous North America" that captives and slaves were interchangeable roles. Meanwhile, they had to try and balance their interactions with both groups. In 1646, Jesuit missionaries at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons went as envoys to the Mohawk lands to protect the precarious peace. All Rights Reserved. 2009. Elders C. Hunters D. Women Weegy: Women were given power in Iroquois society that was not usually given power in other civilizations. (AP) - Commercial electric vehicle startup Lordstown Motors Corp. has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection nearly two months after it warned that it was in danger of failing. = 2 User: 2^0 + 1^1 Weegy: 0! The Oneida and Tuscarora decided to support the American colonists, while the rest of the Iroquois League (the Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, and Seneca) sided with the British and their Loyalists among the colonists. = 2 User: 6^0 - 3^0 Weegy: Coordinating plans and determining resource needs, Collecting, analyzing, and sharing information, Providing What group was given power in Iroquois society that was not usually given power in other civilizations? [134] In 1886, when a bridge was being built at the St. Lawrence, a number of Iroquois men from Kahnawke were hired to help built and the Iroquois workers proved so skilled as steelwork erectors that since that time, a number of bridges and skycrapers in Canada and the United States have been built by the Iroquois steelmen. The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee is believed to have been founded by the Great Peacemaker at an unknown date estimated between 1450 and 1660, bringing together five distinct nations in the southern Great Lakes area into "The Great League of Peace". We strive for accuracy and fairness. [218] The chief of a clan can be removed at any time by a council of the women elders of that clan. "[242] Scholars are also urged to remember the context for a practice that now shocks the modern Western society. French Jesuits, whom the Haudenosaunee were forced to accept after making peace with the French in 1667, encouraged Catholic converts to move to mission villages in the St. Lawrence river valley near Montreal and Quebec. The modern version of lacrosse remains popular as of 2015.[238]. Saraydar (1990) suggests the Iroquois do not see the twins as polar opposites but understood their relationship to be more complex, noting "Perfection is not to be found in gods or humans or the worlds they inhabit. 84 = 14 = 6 Though the law did not specifically state the Brothertown Indians were terminated, it authorized all payments to be made directly to each enrollee, with special provisions for minors to be handled by the Secretary. With support from the French, the Algonquian nations drove the Iroquois out of the territories north of Lake Erie and west of present-day Cleveland, Ohio, regions which they had conquered during the Beaver Wars. )", "Lead Up To The Indian Claims Commission Act Of 1946", "Chapter 809 July 2, 1948 [S. 1683] | [Public Law 881] 62 Stat. Score 1 Log in for more information. [109] In the end, about 30 Canadian Iroquois reluctantly joined Lry's attack on Fort Bull on the morning of March 27, 1756, when the French and their Indian allies stormed the fort, finally smashing their way in through the main gate with a battering ram at noon. On the other, the Iroquois considered that "the British government was three thousand miles away. It was a link between England, the West Indies, and the colonies. The French during their wars with the Haudenosaunee were often astonished when a war party that was on the verge of victory over them could be made to retreat by killing one or two of their number. Finally in 1920, an Act was proposed to force citizenship on "Indians" with or without their consent, which would then automatically remove their share of any tribal lands from tribal trust and make the land and the person subject to the laws of Canada.[140]. READ: Origin Story Iroquois (article) | Khan Academy 845, on September 13, 1950[148] which extended New York's authority to civil disputes between Indians or Indians and others within the State. There are the several reservations in New York: Cayuga Nation of New York(~450[citation needed],) St. Regis Mohawk Reservation (3248 in 2014),[314] Onondaga Reservation (473 in 2014),[314] Oneida Indian Nation (~ 1000[citation needed]), Seneca Nation of New York (~8000[citation needed]) and the Tuscarora Reservation (1100 in 2010[citation needed]). They killed everyone they encountered". Many of the English and colonists did not respect the treaties made in the past. [101], On July 9, 1755, a force of British Army regulars and the Virginia militia under General Edward Braddock advancing into the Ohio river valley was almost completely destroyed by the French and their Indian allies at the Battle of the Monongahela. With the arrival of European-introduced infectious diseases came the increase in Haudenosaunee peoples taking captives as their population kept decreasing. 1794 (88th): An Act to authorize payment for certain interests in lands within the Allegheny (Passed Congress/Enrolled Bill version)", "Bill submitted to end federal ties with Seneca Indians", "Warren Times-Mirror and Observer from Warren, Pennsylvania p.9", "NEW BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS ASSIGNMENTS ANNOUNCED FOR SENECAS AND OSAGE", "Richard Nixon: Special Message to the Congress on Indian Affairs", "Indian claims commission awards over $38.5 Million to Indian tribes in 1964", "Efforts have gone on for years to get Brothertown recognition", "Public Law 90-93 September 27, 1967 | [S. 1972] 81 Stat. [89] Anglican missionaries were active with the Iroquois and devised a system of writing for them. Traditionally the Onondaga are the peace keepers of the confederacy. The 17 main sections are: 1) The people, 2) The Earth Mother, 3) The waters, 4) The fish, 5) plants, 6) food plants,7) medicine herbs, 8) animals, 9) trees, 10) birds, 11) four winds, 12) The Thunderers, 13) The Sun, 14) Grandmother Moon, 15) The stars, 16) The Enlightened Teachers, and 17) The Creator. It also prohibited the state from enforcing judgments regarding any land disputes or applying any State laws to tribal lands or claims prior to the effective date of the law September 13, 1952. (Some traditional members of the nations refuse to be counted. Weegy: The Salem Witch trials ended because the governor's wife was accused and he ordered them to stop. In the following days, the captives had to dance naked before the community, when individual families decided for each if the person was to be adopted or killed. That being said, the role of a slave was not a limited position and whenever slaves were available for capture they were taken, no matter their age, race, gender etc. [185], From 1640 to 1701, the Five Nations was almost continuously at war, battling at various times the French, Huron, Erie, Neutral, Lenape, Susquenhannock, Petun, Abenaki, Ojibwa, and Algonquin peoples, fighting campaigns from Virginia to the Mississippi and all the way to what is now northern Ontario. Question The League is governed by a Grand Council, an assembly of fifty chiefs or sachems, each representing a clan of a nation. "[18], The women wore their hair very long and tied together at the back, or "tied at the back of the head and folded into a tress of about a hand's length, like a beaver tail they wear around the forehead a strap of wampum shaped like the headband that some was worn in olden times." During the formative period of the confederacy about 1600, the Five Nations remained concentrated in what is now central and upper New York state, barely holding their own with the neighbouring Huron and Mohican (Mahican), who were supplied with guns through their trade with the Dutch. According to the Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life, the Iroquois Confederacy had 10,000 people at its peak, but by the 18th century, their population had decreased to 4,000, recovering only to 7,000 by 1910. [263] European captives did not make good slaves because they resisted even more than Indigenous captives and did not understand rituals such as renaming and forgetting their past. [134] During the American Revolution, the Canadian Iroquois declared their neutrality and refused to fight for the Crown despite the offers of Sir Guy Carleton, the governor of Quebec. He paddled a stone canoe eastward across Lake Ontario to the land of the Iroquois with a message of peace, righteousness and power.. User: Which one of the following Weegy: The methods of handling businesses and industries that conduct business around the world is known as Weegy: Which US president was referred to as "Old Hickory" A. George Washington B. Thomas Jefferson C. James Madison D. Weegy: The Incident Commander is the only position that is always staffed in ICS applications. Historically, such adoptees have married into the tribes, and some have become chiefs or respected elders. False Face Masks are carved in living trees, then cut free to be painted and decorated. Iroquois warriors were brave, but would only fight to the death if necessary, usually to protect their women and children; otherwise, the crucial concern for Iroquois chiefs was always to save manpower. In April 1779 Onondaga settlements became the initial target of a brutal American wartime campaign against the Iroquois, which was led by Gen. John Sullivan. Women C. Elders D. Children, 16. However, white settlers continued to move into the area. At its peak around 1700, Iroquois power extended from what is today New York State, north into present-day Ontario and Quebec along the lower Great Lakesupper St. Lawrence, and south on both sides of the Allegheny Mountains into present-day Virginia and Kentucky and into the Ohio Valley. The Confederacy and the Seneca developed an alliance with the English who were settling in the east. [283] In revising Council laws and customs, a consent of two-thirds of the mothers was required. Gradually, however, the societies came more into the open as hostility lessened. Key festivals correspond to the agricultural calendar, and include Maple, Planting, Strawberry, Green Maize, Harvest, and Mid-Winter (or New Year's), which is held in early February. The Onondaga are represented by an eastern white pine which represents the Tree of Peace. [199] The masked dancers often carried turtle shell rattles and long staffs. He was born in 1946 in United States. [101] Johnson, who had the task of enlisting the League Iroquois on the British side, led a mixed Anglo-Iroquois force to victory at Lac du St Sacrement, known to the British as Lake George. Elders C. Hunters D. Women Women was given power in Iroquois society that was not usually given power in other civilizations. Weegy: Every complete sentence contains Subject, verb and predicates. Elders C. Hunters D. Women. From 1658 to 1663, the Iroquois were at war with the Susquehannock and their Lenape and Province of Maryland allies. Cadwallader Colden wrote, "It has been a constant maxim with the Five Nations, to save children and young men of the people they conquer, to adopt them into their own Nation, and to educate them as their own children, without distinction; These young people soon forget their own country and nation and by this policy the Five Nations make up the losses which their nation suffers by the people they lose in war. Sachemships are hereditary within a clan. Around 1678, the council began to exert more power in negotiations with the colonial governments of Pennsylvania and New York, and the Iroquois became very adroit at diplomacy, playing off the French against the British as individual tribes had earlier played the Swedes, Dutch, and English. All non-Native settlers are, by associations, members of this treaty. User: The Incident Weegy: -6 + 6? All of the following were concerns that many Americans had about a weak national government during the late 18th century EXCEPT: Congress did not have enough power. At the onset of the Revolution, the Iroquois Confederacy's Six Nations attempted to take a stance of neutrality. After their victories, they reigned supreme in an area from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean; from the St. Lawrence River to the Chesapeake Bay. The changes were influential as elected representatives instead of women-appointed sachems. It also conferred significant power and status to women in Iroquois culture. During this time, Jim Crow laws emerged which consisted of racial segregation in all public facilities. = 0 User: 2^0 + 2^1 Weegy: 0! Expert answered| jval2264 |Points 2| Log in for more information. These included 15,631 Mohawk in Quebec; 14,051 Mohawk in Ontario; 3,970 Oneida in Ontario; and a total of 17,603 of the Six Nations at the Grand River Reserve in Ontario. [286], Wampum was primarily used to make wampum belts by the Iroquois, which Iroquois tradition claims was invented by Hiawatha to console chiefs and clan mothers who lost family members to war. User: What group was given power in Iroquois society that was not usually given power in other civilizations? The British were clearly the most organized, and seemingly most powerful. Supporting either side in the Revolutionary War was a complicated decision. In front the deer-skin is gathered, in place of being crimped; over this part porcupine quills or beads are worked, in various patterns. The goals were two sets of poles roughly 450 yards (410m) apart. The Onondaga wear one feather pointing upward and another pointing down. Stanford University historian Rakove writes, "The voluminous records we have for the constitutional debates of the late 1780s contain no significant references to the Iroquois" and notes that there are ample European precedents to the democratic institutions of the United States. [209], Men wore a cap with a single long feather rotating in a socket called a gustoweh. It means a desire to see justice prevail., READ MORE: Stories of Native American Heritage, When Hiawatha met with the Peacemaker among the Mohawks, they shared their stories and, in some accounts, Hiawatha became a spokesman for The Peacemaker. By 1676 the power of the Susquehannock[e] was broken from the effects of three years of epidemic disease, war with the Iroquois, and frontier battles, as settlers took advantage of the weakened tribe. Both chiefs and clan mothers wear wampum belts as symbol of their offices. 3p+ 11B. [155] The bill for the Iroquois Confederation died in committee without further serious consideration. READ MORE: The Native American Government That Inspired the US Constitution. The new sachem gives up his old name and is thereafter addressed by the title. [263][264] Slaves endured torture not only on their journey back to Haudenosaunee nations, but also during initiation rituals and sometimes throughout their enslavement.
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