sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The path analysis results are presented in Table 4 and Figure 2.According to those results, working hours had a significant effect on both occupational stress ( = 0.220, p < 0.01) and work-life balance ( = 0.177, p < 0.001), while occupational stress had a significant effect on both work-life balance ( = 0.421, p < 0.001) and job satisfaction ( = 0.569, p . This study empirically investigated the association between long working hours and mental health in the context of China, and makes three contributions to the related literature. This study examined how long working hours were associated with the risk of MI in China for the period of 2014 to 2018. The proportion of operation workers was 26% for the total sample, 35% for the long working hours group, and 19% for the standard or short working hours group, indicating that the occupational distribution differs among different working hour groups. China was selected as an analyzed target because it is the most populated country in the world and has the highest number of patients with MI, globally. N Participation in the study was voluntary and the questionnaire was confidential and anonymous. First, the results may be subject to measurement [49,50]. Pitt R.N., Alp Y.T., Shell I.A. CI: confidence interval. Effect of Long Working Hours on Depression and Mental Well - PubMed the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. These findings are similar to those of several previous studies [7,1517]. Hisanaga It doesn't only impact mental health but, according to a recent World Health Organization study, working 55 or more hours per week is associated with an estimated 35 per cent higher risk of having a stroke and a 17 per cent higher risk of dying from ischemic heart disease, compared to working 35 to 40 hours per week. https://www.who.int/china/health-topics/mental-health, 20H01512/Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. From Evidence to Practice in Mental Health and Work, Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences, American time use survey: sleep time and its relationship to waking activities, Overtime work and its effects on sleep, sleepiness, cortisol and blood pressure in an experimental field study, Association between long working hours and sleep problems in white-collar workers, The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research, Overtime work as a predictor of major depressive episode: a 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study, Burnout, job satisfaction, and medical malpractice among physicians, Working hours and mental and physical fatigue in Japanese workers, Burnout, depression and job satisfaction in obstetrics and gynecology residents, Burnout in relation to age in the adult working population, Health effects of shift work and extended hours of work, Long working hours and sleep disturbances: the Whitehall II prospective cohort study, Long working hours and subjective fatigue symptoms, Work hours in relation to work stress, recovery and health, Shift work and the assessment and management of shift work disorder (SWD), Third European Survey on Working Conditions 2000 | Eurofound, Implications of overwork and overload for the quality of mens family relationships, Workload and morning salivary cortisol in women, Factors associated with psychiatric morbidity and hazardous alcohol use in Australian doctors, The Author 2017. PDF Impact of Long Working Hours on Mental Health: Evidence from China et al. How the reduction of working hours could influence health outcomes: a Pre-pandemic, around 5% of workers chose to work from home; it was often seen as advantageous, for example due to eliminating commuting time and increasing flexibility. Table 1 summarizes the key features of the sample used for statistical analysis. Based on the employee basic pension insurance policy, the mandatory retirement age is 60 years for male workers and cadres, 55 years for female cadres, and 50 years for female workers; therefore, I selected the samples aged 1660 years in the baseline survey who had committed to at least one of two follow-up surveys. The site is secure. Y BackgroundA subset of patients experience persisting symptoms after an acute COVID-19 infection, referred to as "post COVID-19 condition". The .gov means its official. PJ Therefore, we conducted this review in order to assess the relationships between work-time reduction and health outcomes. J Medline . The backward selection method using the Akaike Information Criterion was used for model selection. MR D . An official website of the United States government. The regression analysis based on three-wave longitudinal data and dynamic models, with the lagged working hours variable indicating that long working hours had a significant positive association with the risk of MI. SM Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between total HADS score and age. The Chinese government began winding down its policy of closing down cities in December 2022. Karasek R.A. Job demands, Job decision Latitude, and mental strain. Second, unlike previous studies that concentrated on one definition of long working hours, this study used a different definition (e.g., the different cut-off values to define long working hours) to perform robustness checks. The pandemic has had devastating impacts on learning. What - Brookings Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Frontiers | The prolonged impact of COVID-19 on symptoms, health Logit: logistic regression model. Although long working hours may have adverse effects on the mental health status of the working population, positive life events could help employees cope better with the impact of adverse events. Worklife balance in China? Differences in mean values of variables by long and non-long working hour groups. The author declares no conflict of interest. Each item is answered on a four-point (03) Likert scale, so possible scores range from 0 to 21 for both anxiety and depression, with higher scores indicating a higher level of depression or anxiety. Fifth, because we could not obtain appropriate information (e.g., the job allocation, effort or willingness to work, work environment in the workplace) from the questionnaire items of the CFPS, future work could conduct alternative surveys such as employer-employee surveys that include these workplace items and employ empirical methods to explore the mechanism by which long working hours affect mental health status. Careers. Virtanen Adverse health effects of high-effect/low-reward and conditions. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1640-035 Lisbon, Portugal. Impact of working hours on sleep and mental health - PubMed Long working hours increasing deaths from heart disease and stroke: WHO For people without ADHD, who may be tempted to take Ritalin or Adderall as a study drug, this can end up making them feel jittery and anxious, causing them to focus too much on smaller, less . Dembe SM Simionescu M., Raisiene A.G. A bridge between sentiment indicators: What does Google Trends tell us about COVID-19 pandemic and employment expectations in the EU new member states? official website and that any information you provide is encrypted For example, when using the higher cut-off value of 20, the magnitudes of the ORs ([Model1] OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.11,1.32; [Model 2] OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03,1.28; [Model 3] OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02,1.25) are slightly larger in the LV models than in Table 2, and the results verify the conclusions. Epub 2019 Dec 27. DM Mental health effects of long work hours, night and weekend work, and short rest periods. The effect is more significant for women, white-collar workers, and employees in micro-firms, compared with their counterparts (i.e., men, pink- and blue-collar workers, employees of large firms, and self-employed individuals). Introduction. McCann Kelly FOIA WB Does party membership bring a wage premium in China? CH To them, sending the message is a way to get it off their to-do list and to stop thinking about it. Excessive weekly working time has negative effects on workers health, including increasing the risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, chronic infection, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, sleep disturb ance, anxiety and depression [1,36]. Front Public Health. International Labour Organization The survey interviewees included all family members in a household living in the same region for more than six months. The international comparison results indicated that the institutional and cultural differences among countries may affect the effects of long working hours on mental health, which should be analyzed in detail in the future. Sparks K., Cooper C., Fried Y., Shirom A. In addition, there was a negative correlation between the HADS total score and age. In search of links between social capital, mental health and sociotherapy: A longitudinal study in Rwanda. LM PSQI and HADS in groups with long and regular working hours#8232; Results of the regression analysis are shown in Tables 35. Virtanen The author declares no conflict of interest. Despite progress in legislation, ~22% of workers worldwide still work >48 h per week [2]. Topic: anxiety depressive disorders mental health Lee JK CF Based on previous studies [4,5,6,7,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,38,39], I considered the following confounding variables, all of which were likely to affect mental health status and were available from the CFPS: (1) socio-demographic factors, including age, sex, years of education, ethnicity (Han), Communist Party of China membership, urban residence; (2) family factors, including the presence of a spouse and number of family members; (3) large company size: number of employees 500; (4) occupation (manager and technician, staff and service, operation worker, and others); (5) industry sector (1 = manufacturing industry, 0 = other industry sector); (6) enrollment pension/medical insurance (1 = enrollment, 0 = otherwise); (7) region (east, central, and west); and (8) survey years (2014, 2016, and 2018). Yang S., Yang J., Yue L., Xu J., Liu X., Li W., Cheng H., He G. Impact of perception reduction of employment opportunities on employment pressure of college students under COVID-19 epidemicjoint moderating effects of employment policy support and job-searching self-efficacy. K Almost a century has passed since the 1919 adoption of the first international labour standard on working hours, which established the principle of the 8-h working day and 48-h working week. Second, the demographic, family, and workplace factors differ in the long- and standard or less working hours groups. NS, non-significant. Dattani S., Ritchie H., Roser M. Mental health. 8600 Rockville Pike Kecklund Int J Environ Res Public Health. Long hours of work in the US: Associations with demographic and organizational characteristics, psychosocial working conditions, and health. Interestingly, LWHG members had higher level corporate positions than RWHG subjects. JE The covariates including years of education, years of working experience and its squared, female, ethnicity (Han dummy), party membership, urban, married, number of family members, occupation (manager and technician, staff and service, and other occupations), industry sector (manufacture dummy), participation in public pension, participation in medical insurance, region (central, west) and year dummy variables (2014, 2016) were controlled. Multiple R2 = 0.407. These estimation results shed light on the association between long working hours and mental health in depth as follows. Characteristics of the study participants are shown in Table 1. All the participants in the CFPS have given their written informed consent before any study procedures began. This research was financially supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant Number: 20H01512). E Although the difference (2%) between the two groups is not large, the t-test results indicate a statistically significant difference, possibly because of the large sample size. Willeke K, Janson P, Zink K, Stupp C, Kittel-Schneider S, Berghfer A, Ewert T, King R, Heuschmann PU, Zapf A, Wildner M, Keil T. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Long COVID and Mental Illness: How the brain can affect the body Toppinen-Tanner S., Kalimo R., Mutanen P. The process of burnout in white-collar and blue-collar jobs: Eight-year prospective study of exhaustion. Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic has immensely changed employment status [53,54], thus damaging individuals mental health status worldwide [55,56]. LWH: a dummy indicator variable for long working hours, equal to 1 when an individual answered that their weekly work hours were 50 h. or more and 0 otherwise. Virtanen Gronau R. Leisure, home production, and work: The theory of the allocation of time revisited. There was a positive correlation between these symptoms and sleep disturbances. MC Iwasaki I., Ma X., Mizobata S. Ownership structure and firm performance in emerging markets: A comparative meta-analysis of East European EU member states, Russia, and China. The factors Corporate position and Education level were reparametrized so that their coefficients have a null mean. First, based on the results in column (a), in general, 46% of the respondents experienced long work hours from 2014 to 2018. HHS Issues Advisory on Mental Health Symptoms and Conditions Related to . The responders were divided into RWHG (n = 223, 47%) and LWHG (256, 53%). regulatory compliance by companies, as these factors are expected to improve mental health. 2021 Aug 15;18(16):8617. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168617. 7 Health Effects of Working Too Much HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The results provide empirical evidence of the effects of long working hours on mental health in China, confirming the need to enforce the regulations regarding standard working hours and monitor regulatory compliance by companies, as these factors are expected to improve mental health. From the labor and family economics theory perspectives, based on the individual/household utility model, an individual will maximize the utility based on income and time constraints. . Moreover, 17% of workers were in the manufacturing industry sector, and 61% and 92% of individuals participated in public pension and medical insurance. R Third, although some studies for developed countries have reported that the effect of long working hours differs by sex, educational attainment, occupation, and age group [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23], no study has analyzed these differences specifically for China, and this study is the first. Y AC Inadequate recovery because of sleep deprivation is considered an important component of the pathway from long work hours to increased fatigue and risk of health problems [23,24]. Introduction. Health. This study suggests that longer working hours are associated with poorer mental health status and increasing levels of anxiety and depression symptoms. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether long working hours are associated with mental health in young Anxiety; depression; long working hours; sleep quality. These results confirm the importance of maintaining regular weekly working hours and avoiding excessive overtime work in reducing the risk of anxiety, depression and sleep disorders. T -. I re-ran the estimations. M There was a positive correlation between these symptoms and sleep disturbances. The impact of sports participation on mental health and social outcomes Data on PSQI and HADS scores are reported in Table 2. Wong K., Chan A.H.S., Ngan S.C. The The results are similar to those in Table 2. HADS is a self-reported 14-item questionnaire composed of two 7-item subscales, one measuring anxiety and one depression, which are scored separately. In the 2010 baseline survey, the CFPS successfully interviewed approximately 15,000 families and 30,000 individuals within these families, with an approximate response rate of 79%. The effect of long working hours and overtime on occupational health: A meta-analysis of evidence from 1998 to 2018. Background As of March 2020, the UK public were instructed to work from home where possible and as a result, nearly half of those in employment did so during the following month. Using three-wave longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies conducted in 2014, 2016, and 2018, I adopted dynamic regression models with lagged long working hours variables to examine their association with the risk of mental illness. This study found that long working hours are significantly related to psychosocial stress responses among white-collar workers in one Korean company. MG To compare the differences in demographic or social-economic status factors between groups during the analyzed period, I used the pooling data of three waves and weighted them by nationwide population size. AE Secondly, long working hours may in part affect mental health through factors not measured in our study, such as workfamily conflicts [28], burnout [18], a prolonged increase in cortisol levels [28,29] and alcohol abuse [30]. M Using three-wave longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies conducted in 2014, 2016, and 2018, I adopted dynamic regression models with lagged long working hours variables to examine their association with the risk of mental illness. In this study of Portuguese business school alumni long weekly working hours were associated with poorer mental health status, as evidenced by higher levels of anxiety and depression symptoms. You turn to alcohol for relaxation Working more than 40 hours per week can make you more likely to drink "risky" amounts of alcohol. Design Systematic review of published studies. Wyatt The findings have informed the development of the 'Mental Health . The propensity to work long hours was associated with level in the corporate hierarchy. Hill E.J., Erickson J.J., Holmes E.K., Ferris M. Workplace Flexibility, Work Hours, and Work-Life Conflict: Finding an Extra Day or Two. Fourth, the negative effect of long working hours on the risk of MI was more significant for the employees in the informal sector (micro-firms) than those in the formal sector (large-sized firms). To examine factors influencing weekly working hours, sleep quality and anxiety and depressive symptoms. . Messenger Jr Nash et al. Some empirical studies revealed that individual attributes (e.g., education, age, sex) [4,5,6,7], social capital [8,9], and life events (e.g., marriage, fertility) [10,11,12] may affect the risk of developing MI. This may be because of the differences in job content between these groups: white-collar workers may face more challenges in terms of addressing changes in the environment or fostering innovation, thereby increasing their work stress; by contrast, their counterparts primarily work routine jobs [15,16,46,47]. 3.3. . Working Time around the World. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Curtis R.G., Olds T., Plotnikoff R., Vandelanotte C., Edney S., Ryan J., Maher C. Validity and bias on the online active Australia survey: Activity level and participant factors associated with self-report bias. All analyses were performed using commercially available and open source statistical software (IBM SPSS 22.0, R 3.2.4). A 1. We should control these institutional and cultural factors in any international comparison. org. We designed a questionnaire to collect demographic and work characteristics data and used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to elicit anxiety and depressive symptoms [13]. Furthermore, the coefficients of the initial independent variables (MIt-1) are significant at 1% levels, suggesting an initial problem. Our major findings are as follows: long working hours cause the mental health of white-collar workers to deteriorate even after controlling for individual fixed effects. Symoens S., Colman E., Bracke P. Divorce, conflict, and mental health: How the quality of intimate relationships is linked to post-divorce well-being. Based on the analysis of the three-wave longitudinal data from 2014 to 2018, I conclude that long working hours are negatively associated with the mental health of workers aged 1660 years in China, and that the negative effects of long working hours differ by sex, occupation, and employment sector groups. The samples include Chinese working individuals in the urban and rural areas and in the formal and informal sectors, including the employees and self-employed individuals. Long working hours can lead to fatal problems such as stroke and heart disease. Physical and mental strain of the overworked people can start from acute physiological responses such as fatigue, stress, impaired sleep, and unhealthy lifestyle changes in response to the stress. Batty Verduin F., Smid G.E., Wind T.R., Scholte W.F. Third, although we used dynamic models with lagged long working hours variables to address the reverse causality problem, we could not identify the underlying causality of long working hours affecting mental health such as the individual heterogeneity and self-selection problems, which should be investigated in greater depth using various quantitative study models (e.g., difference-in-differences, instrumental variable methods). Leiter sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Ma Y., Wang Y.J., Chen B.R., Shi H.J., Wang H., Khurwolah M.R., Xie Z.Y., Yang Y., Wang L.S. SSM Popul. The phenomenon of long working hours (69.3%) was quite common among employees in Shanghai, and the rate of working over 60 h was 19.3%. Tang S., Yao L., Ye C., Li Z., Yang J., Tang K., Qian D. Can health service equity alleviate the health expenditure poverty of Chinese patients? The medical ethics committee approved the CFPS study. Furthermore, work-life conflict may increase the risk of MI [13,14]. Mental illnesses like depression and anxiety are associated with a higher risk of heart disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer's, among numerous other conditions, and long COVID itself often involves . The negative impact of long working hours on mental health in young Korean workers. The magnitude of the OR ratio coefficients (1.121.22 in Table 3) was smaller than those in other studies for China (1.745) [15]. Although previous studies have examined the impact of long working hours on mental health in China, they have not addressed the initial value and reverse causality issues. Ferrie Social determinants of health can further contribute to the negative impact of COVID-19 and Long COVID for certain groups . Ma X., Iwasaki I. Tayama J., Li J., Munakata M. Working long hours is associated with higher prevalence of diabetes in urban male Chinese workers: The rosai karoshi study. Therefore, this paper aims to conduct a meta-analysis covering studies after 1997 for a comparison. et al. The dataset used in this study, the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), is publicly available (http://opendata.pku.edu.cn/en) (accessed on 2 March 2020). J Ment Health Policy Econ. and transmitted securely. Third, the proportion of the high-risk MI group (whose MI score is higher than 12) was slightly higher for the long working hours group (33%) than that of their counterpart (31%). The covariates including years of education, years of working experience and its squared, female, ethnicity (Han dummy), party membership, urban, married, number of family members, occupation (manager and technician, staff and service, and other occupations), industry sector (manufacture dummy), participation in public pension, participation in medical insurance, region (central, west) and year dummy variables (2014, 2016) were controlled. Compared with good sleepers, people with persist ent sleep disturbance are more prone to accidents, have higher rates of work absenteeism, diminished job performance, decreased quality of life and increased health care use [9]. The results were consistent, and I reported them using the lowest value (10) as the cut-off value to construct the main indicator of the risk of MI in this study. Although long working hours likely affect a workers mental health in China, empirical studies on the issue that focus specifically on China are scarce. For example, people with . . Dahlgren Crouter Our major findings are as follows: long working hours cause the mental health of white-collar workers to deteriorate even after controlling for individual fixed effects. Teachers' working time as a risk factor for their mental health In addition to the effects on physical health, adverse effects on mental health were observed in employees working long hours. Mishra V., Smyth R. Working hours in Chinese enterprises: Evidence from matched employeremployee data. Suwazono . Gender differences in depressive traits among rural and urban Chinese adolescent students: Secondary data analysis of nationwide survey CFPS. Xiao Y., Cooke F.L. This allows the coefficients to be interpreted as positive or negative deviations from a nominal level. Vargas-Prada I declined the special regions, such as Tibet, Xingjian, and Inner Mongolia because their samples were less than 10. 3rd Long Work Hours, Extended or Irregular Shifts, and Worker Fatigue Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The impact of long working hours on psychosocial stress response among The research team suggested that when a person sends a non-urgent message during their off hours, they have been thinking about a work task and want to tie up the loose end. Hence, the problem of long working hours may become much more serious in the future. International Labor Office; Geneva, Switzerland: 2007. Among workers, long working hours have a negative impact on the health of workers with college degrees or beyond. V The absence of a physical workspace and face-to-face . Multiple R2 = 0.323. Long Hours' Effects on Work-Life Balance and Satisfaction - Hindawi Trend in Working Hours, Laws and Policies in a Global Comparative Perspective. Although HADS scores do not provide definitive diagnoses of anxiety and depressive disorders, these results show that LWHG members reported significantly more anxiety and depression symptoms than those in RWHG. (PDF) Long Working Hours and Health - ResearchGate
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