William J. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1968. A series of acts in 1774 further angered the colonies; activists called for a general congress and they agreed to meet in Philadelphia. Dunn, Mary Maples and Richard S. Dunn et al., eds. Native Americans destroyed twelve Massachusetts towns, which helped establish them in the minds of New Englanders as bloodthirsty savages. In 2010, a memorial on the site opened to commemorate Washington's slaves, African Americans in Philadelphia and U.S. history, and to mark the house site. Dispersed farms across the countryside produced wheat, corn, rye, barley, tobacco, fruit, and vegetables, and raised cattle, pigs, and fowl. During the 1930s, the Democratic Party began to grow in Philadelphia, influenced by the leadership of the Roosevelt administration during the Depression. Munroe, John A. Colonial Delaware: A History. After 1787, the city's economy grew rapidly in the postwar years. Revolutionary War - Timeline, Facts & Battles - HISTORY The Gas Trust was the hub of the city's political machine. The fever finally abated at the end of October with the onset of colder weather and was declared at an end by mid-November. City government continued to be dominated by Republicans, but the politicians were elected by small margins. [62] Philadelphia supported the war with soldiers, ammunition, and war ships and its manufacturers produced many army uniforms. After two years, Butler left in January 1926 and most of his police reforms were repealed. Development continued in areas in Old City and South Street, and large modern skyscrapers of glass and granite, designed by nationally known architects, were constructed in Center City. They named it Fort Christina, in honor of the twelve-year-old Queen Christina of Sweden. [54], In 2008, Michael Nutter, with a background in business, was elected as the city's third African-American mayor. American Revolution Era - Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia . Plot. The disease became widespread following the Philadelphia Liberty Loans Parade, which was attended by more than 200,000 people. The Puritan Governor John Winthrop said it was dissolved owing to summer "sickness and mortality. ", Learn how and when to remove this template message, William Cramp & Sons Ship and Engine Building Company, Delaware River (Benjamin Franklin) Bridge, List of newspapers in Pennsylvania in the 18th century#Philadelphia, History of African Americans in Philadelphia, History of Italian Americans in Philadelphia, History of Irish Americans in Philadelphia, 1638 New Haven The Independent Colony colonialwarsct.org Retrieved November 12, 2007, "Lamberton L Archives rootsweb.com Retrieved November 11, 2007", New Sweden usgennet.org Retrieved November 12, 2007, "Delco History: Expert Homework Writing Help", In the Heat of the Moment: Cartography, Rebuilding, and Reconceptualization after the Great Fire of London, "Philadelphia Business Directory of 1703", "Religious Freedom and the Dominating Religions of Pennsylvania", "Part 3: Philadelphia/The Yellow Fever Epidemic", "Part 3: French West Indians in Philadelphia", Edward Lawler, Jr., "A Brief History of the President's House in Philadelphia", "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Philadelphia City Hall", "Defensible Spaces in Philadelphia: Exploring Neighborhood Boundaries Through Spatial Analysis", "Philadelphia, Nurses, and the Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918", "The Media: One revolution after another", "Marie Hicks, 83, the Rosa Parks of Girard College", "Obama Foreclosure Plan Draws Inspiration from Philadelphia", "Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware, 16301707", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Philadelphia&oldid=1161102637. Manuscripts and government records, Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg, Pa. Penn Papers and other manuscript collections, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. In Pennsylvania, in 1684 the ship Isabella quickly sold 150 Africans to new colonists eager for workers to help build their houses, businesses, and farms. Between 1729 and 1752, five new inland Pennsylvania counties joined the ten original and two additional West Jersey counties along the Delaware River. After French troops and their Indian allies overwhelmed the army of British General Edward Braddock (1695-1755) in July 1755, Delawares and Shawnees attacked European settlements from western Pennsylvania to northwestern New Jersey. Consistent with Pennsylvanias commitment to religious liberty, the colony avoided a rigid marriage code and instead allowed couples to marry according to the rituals of individual denominations. The dense population areas were not only growing north and south along the Delaware River, but also moving westward across the Schuylkill River. It seemed to the natives that the Dutch were shifting their priorities from trade to plantation agriculture similar to the English colonists in the Chesapeake Bay region who murdered Indians and expropriated land. Slavery was less substantial in rural Pennsylvania, where immigrant servants provided a great deal of labor. [100] Philadelphia lost five percent of its population in the 1950s, three percent in the 1960s and more than thirteen percent in the 1970s. The list of organizations founded by people such as Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) testified to the colonial citys vitality: American Philosophical Society, Library Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hospital, College of Philadelphia and its Medical Department (later the University of Pennsylvania), arboretums, insurance companies, and mutual aid societies. Serious yellow fever outbreaks in the 1790s interrupted development. When Lenape Indians in July 1694 crossed the Delaware River from New Jersey to meet with Pennsylvania government officials, they represented a people whose homeland became the Greater Philadelphia region: southeastern Pennsylvania, central and southern New Jersey, and Delaware. The court system was overtaxed and the tactics of the police department under Police Commissioner Frank Rizzo were controversial. Religion and the Founding of the American Republic - Library of Congress [27] This began a long period of peaceful co-operation between the colony and the Delaware, in contrast to the frictions between the tribe and the Swedish and Dutch colonists. The Charter of Privileges also confirmed religious liberty to everyone who believed in one almighty God and extended the right to hold office to all Christian men, not just Anglicans or Quakers. During the colonial era, Philadelphia: a. became home to a varied population of artisans and craftsmen. During the campaign Dilworth made numerous specific charges about corruption within city government. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the colonial era, Philadelphia:, Which of the following was true of agriculture in the colonies during the eighteenth century?, By the eighteenth century, colonial farm families: and more. The Liberty Bell, which had been hidden in an Allentown church since September 1777, was returned to Philadelphia following the British retreat from Philadelphia on June 18, 1778. The lots they bought were subdivided and resold with smaller streets constructed between them. [68], The city's major project was organizing and staging the Centennial Exposition, the first World's Fair in the United States, which celebrated the nation's Centennial. Beginning during the Great Depression, voters changed from traditional support for the Republican Party to increasing support for the Democratic Party of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, which has now been predominant in local politics for many decades. "The Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic of 1793. The Lenapes lived in autonomous towns on creeks flowing into the Delaware River and along the Atlantic coast near Delaware Bay. Some notable structures included Gloria Dei (Old Swedes Church), Christ Church, the Quaker Great Meeting House, Pennsylvania State House (later Independence Hall), and Pennsylvania Hospital. Many of Philadelphia's houses were in poor condition and lacked proper facilities, and gang and mafia warfare plagued the city. Most people bought land along the Delaware River instead of spreading westward towards the Schuylkill. The city also developed culturally and scientifically. The river united the territory of Lenape people such as the Armewamese and Cohanseys who possessed land on both banks. Colonial history of the United States - Wikipedia Tourism has become one of the city's main industries; as of 2018, Philadelphia was the eighth-most visited U.S. City administration was streamlined and new boards and commissions were created. "[7] The disaster contributed to New Haven's losing control of its area to the larger Connecticut Colony. Before then, the area was inhabited by the Lenape people. Small rowhouses and tenement housing were constructed south of South Street.[58]. "[2] Other settlements including the village of Nitapkunk, "place that is easy to get to," located in today's Fairmount Park area, and Shackamaxon, "place where the chief was crowned", both were located on the west bank of Delaware River, upstream from today's Northern Liberties. The Street administration targeted some of the city's worst neighborhoods for revitalization and made considerable progress. Because Lenapes traveled frequently by canoe, they viewed rivers and streams as highways rather than obstacles. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What was the impact of King Philip's war (1675-1676)?, According to the economic theory known as mercantilism, The first Navigational Act, adopted during the rule of Oliver Cromwell and more. The Duke of York delayed implementation of the Concessions by not transferring until 1680 the right of government to Byllynge, who then renounced the Concessions by becoming governor, an office not included in the document. Many trade unions discriminated against African Americans for years, and they were closed out of some labor advances. William Penn received his charter for Pennsylvania from Charles II (1630-85), the English King, in March 1681 and proposed a model society founded on principles of peace and religious liberty. The population grew dramatically at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, through immigration from Ireland, Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, and Asia, and the Great Migration of blacks from the rural South and Puerto Ricans from the Caribbean, all attracted to the city's expanding industrial jobs. Minuit had been the governor of the New Netherland from 1626 to 1631. Under the command of Peter Minuit, the company's first expedition sailed from Sweden late in 1637 in two ships, Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Gri. The Lenapes and Dutch made peace when the Dutch captain David de Vries (1593-1655) arrived in late 1632. This led to unrest in 1779, with people blaming the upper class and Loyalists. In September 1777, the British invaded Philadelphia from the south. [90] Foreign immigration was briefly interrupted by World War I. In 1756, ten Quaker assemblymen resigned, thus relinquishing Friends control. [98], The beginning of World War II in Europe and the threat of the U.S. becoming involved generated new jobs in defense-related industries. With Delawares long coastline facing the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay, residents felt vulnerable to pirates and enemy attack. With the alliance with Susquehannock, the Swedes further strengthened their claims for land at the mouth of the Schuylkill River. In 1917, the murder of George Eppley, a police officer defending City Council primary candidate James Carey, ignited the reformers again. The largest industry in Philadelphia was textiles. [13] The church and the cemetery eventually became the Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church of Philadelphia, the oldest church in Pennsylvania. Still, in that year, the European population was only 850, as the memory of the Swanendael attack successfully deterred large-scale colonization. The sachems accepted a three-thousand-acre reservation called Brotherton in southern Burlington County in return for all but a few parcels of land. The police department was reorganized; and volunteer fire companies were eliminated and were replaced by a paid fire department. US History Chap 3 Flashcards | Quizlet The Valley, including the future location of Philadelphia, became part of the New Netherland claim of the Dutch. After the Revolution's conclusion in 1783, Philadelphia was chosen to be the temporary capital of the United States from 1790 to 1800, and the city continued for some years to be the country's cultural and financial center. Pennsylvania strayed seriously from Penns vision of peaceful coexistence with the Lenapes in the 1730s, when his sons Thomas Penn (1702-75) and John Penn (1700-46), now the proprietors, plotted with their agent James Logan (1674-1751) to acquire lands in central and northern Bucks County. [59] During the 1840s and 50s violence was directed against immigrants by people who feared their competition for jobs and resented newcomers of different religions and ethnicity. Besides the Constitutional Convention in May 1787, United States politics was no longer centered in Philadelphia. Some owned land, homes, businesses, and paid taxes. With no central authority, Senator Boies Penrose took charge. Riots in 1741 and 1742 took place over high bread prices and drunken sailors. Since the 1670s, English settlers had imposed political divisions on the more open Lenape homeland, most obviously with the boundary along the river separating West New Jersey from Pennsylvania and the Lower Counties (Delaware). Mortality on some days was several hundred people and, by the time the pandemic began to subside in October, more than 12,000 people had died. The ships reached Delaware Bay in March 1638, and the settlers began to build a fort at the site of present-day Wilmington, Delaware. [4] Part of this colony eventually included land on the west side of the Delaware River from just below the Schuylkill River. Miller, Randall M. and William Pencak, eds. President Washington, Vice-president Jefferson and others brought slaves as domestic servants, and evaded the law by regularly shifting their slaves out of the city before the 6-month deadline. In 1985, a stand-off occurred at the group's new headquarters in West Philadelphia, whose residents were believed to be armed resisters. Colonists seeking opportunity moved westward in Pennsylvania and northward into the Lehigh Valley and northwestern New Jersey, taking most of the Lenapes remaining land. With the arrival of more numerous English colonists and development of the port on the Delaware, Philadelphia quickly grew into an important colonial city. After the Revolutionary War began in April 1775 following the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress met in May at the Pennsylvania State House. Philadelphia's pledge of religious tolerance attracted many other religions beside Quakers. The organizers of West New Jersey and Pennsylvania were members of the Society of Friends, a religious group founded in England around 1650 that repudiated many of the practices of the established Church of England (Anglican). One man fled Philadelphia to avoid serving as mayor. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972. People both inside and outside of the city commented that Philadelphia and its citizens were dull and contented with its lack of change. Many immigrants served first as indentured servants or redemptioners to pay the cost of their passage, then built farms or followed crafts. In the late 1660s, many of the natives left their towns on the west bank of the Delaware to join Lenape communities in New Jersey. Iron also became an important export after 1750. The Quaker proprietor received deeds in 1682 to New Castle, Kent, and Sussex Counties, which remained separate from the counties of Chester, Philadelphia, and Bucks that he established in Pennsylvania, with the boundary set twelve miles north of the town of New Castle. History of Philadelphia - Wikipedia Philadelphia history began in 1682 when the city was founded by William Penn. Deaths were high among infants, children, and women in childbirth. The dispute with Charles Calvert, Lord Baltimore (1637-1715) dogged William Penn, who sought evidence from old maps and Dutch documents to protect his ownership of the Lower Counties and Pennsylvania. The 1798 epidemic in Philadelphia also prompted an exodus; an estimated 1,292 residents died. Independence National Historical Park was restored and development of Penn's Landing was completed. New Castle, the most prominent, prosperous and influential settlement in the new colony, became the capital. Symposium on the Demographic History of the Philadelphia Region, 1600-1860. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 133, no. Europeans also filtered into the remaining unpurchased area on the western side of the river in Bucks County. [85], Along with an image of "dullness" and of poor governance practices, Philadelphia was known for its political corruption. While many people who immigrated during the first decades were Quakers, new settlers also included Anglicans, Baptists, Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, Mennonites, and other sects who joined the Dutch Reformed and Swedish Lutherans already in the region. Nash, Gary B. and Jean R. Soderlund. The city relied on state money to fund relief efforts. "[82] In his pioneering[83] 1899 work of urban sociology The Philadelphia Negro W. E. B. The airport expanded, the Schuylkill Expressway and the Delaware Expressway (Interstate 95) were built, SEPTA was formed, and residential and industrial development took place in Northeast Philadelphia.[102]. d. availability of land. Fear of contracting the disease caused 20,000 residents to flee the city by mid-September, and some neighboring towns prohibited their entry. Nash, Gary B. Quakers and Politics: Pennsylvania, 1681-1726. [40], After Washington's defeat at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia was defenseless, and the city prepared for what was seen as an inevitable British Army attack. Philadelphia, Here I Come! Revitalization and gentrification of certain neighborhoods started bringing people back to the city. Connecting the Past with the Present, Building Community, Creating a Legacy, TheEncyclopedia Quaker parents paid close attention to keeping their children within the religion while offering them considerable freedom, among Friends, in choice of marriage partner. Library of Congress The University of Pennsylvania moved to West Philadelphia and reorganized to its modern form; and Temple University, Drexel University and the Free Library were founded. After World War II ended, Philadelphia had a serious housing shortage. They passed legislation to reduce the City Council from two houses to one, and provided council members an annual salary. By 1876, the city's population stood at 817,000. Working in the city government had such a poor reputation that fines were imposed on citizens who refused to serve an office after being chosen. This saved Philadelphia millions of dollars, and the efforts kept the city from defaulting on its debts, but were unpopular among the unemployed. On the night of April 18, 1775, hundreds of British troops marched from Boston to nearby Concord, Massachusetts in order to seize an arms cache. [115], Former city council president John F. Street was elected mayor in 1999 and city revitalization continued into the 21st century. Manufacturing plants and the U.S. Navy Yard employed tens of thousands of industrial workers along the rivers, and the city was also a center of finance and publishing, with major universities. [111] Revitalization of parts of Philadelphia continued in the 1990s. [22][23], In 1681, King Charles II gave Penn a large piece of his newly acquired American land holdings to repay a debt the king owed to Admiral Sir William Penn, Penn's father. Early American currency went through several stages of development during the colonial and post-Revolutionary history of the United States. Under his ten-year rule, the administrative center of New Sweden was moved north to Tinicum Island, to the immediate southwest of today's Philadelphia, where he built an outpost called Fort New Gothenburg and his own manor house which he called the Printzhof. After a federal ultimatum, the workers returned after six days.[99]. Economic downturns increased unemployment and misery among working families, leading to popular discontent. Colonial Revival - Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia Around half of the city's housing had been built in the 19th century, and many units lacked proper sanitary facilities, were overcrowded, and in poor condition. He made specific plans to build a great city named Philadelphia, in a grid pattern with large lots on the Delaware River, to serve as the focal point for surrounding townships. At the time, the city had numerous unpaid bills, the lowest bond rating of the top fifty largest U.S. cities, and a budget deficit of US$250million. Benjamin Franklin arrived in Philadelphia in October 1723 and would play a large part in the city's development. Philadelphia became one of the first U.S. industrial centers and the city contained a variety of industries, the largest being textiles. Women and Children in Colonial America - National Geographic Society We know that Philadelphia, by the early 1700s, was a big city, at least 20,000 people . Of those only two were large, Albert M. Greenfield's Bankers Trust Company and the Franklin Trust Company. The cigar, sugar, and oil industries also were strong in the city. Colonial Period Flashcards | Quizlet [87] With the deaths of McNichol in 1917 and Penrose in 1921, William Vare became the city's political boss. Higher education changed as well. [76] Coal and iron mines, and the construction of new roads, canals, and railroads helped Philadelphia's manufacturing power grow, and the city became the United States' first major industrial city. Philadelphia's global trade network in the colonial period In the early eighteenth century, the West New Jersey Council of Proprietors and their counterparts in London, the West Jersey Society, purchased large tracts on the east bank of the Delaware north of the Falls, opening this territory to settlers. He was the first to help establish Philadelphia as a place of culture and learning. b. cheap and safe transatlantic transportation. Within a decade of its founding, the city had an estimated population of two thousand; by 1730 more than seven thousand people lived there and by 1765 about twenty-three thousand, making it the largest city in North America. To help protect the city from fire, Franklin founded the Union Fire Company. Officials recruited soldiers and studied defenses for invasion from Delaware Bay, but built no forts or other installations. Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania: A Biographical Dictionary. "[84] Du Bois's study found, in addition to general mismanagement and neglect, severe racial disparities in employment, housing, health, education, and criminal justice. [81], In the beginning of the 20th century, Philadelphia had taken on a poor reputation. To facilitate exchange of furs and Indian corn for European goods, the natives and Dutch colonists developed a trade jargon based on Unami, the Lenapes Algonquian language. [8], In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannock in their successful conflict with Maryland colonists led by General Harrison II. The city government returned a week later, and the Continental Congress returned in early July. Penn put together a colonial expedition and fleet, which set out for America in the middle of the following summer. In what is known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, hundreds of Patriot veterans of the war who were owed back pay marched with their weapons on the Pennsylvania statehouse in Philadelphia. [12], The Swedish immigration and expansion continued in the Philadelphia region. . An estimated 1,760 Friends settled in West New Jersey by 1682, taking up land from the Falls of the Delaware (later Trenton, New Jersey) south toward Salem. Prosperous Quakers who purchased large acreages soon dominated Pennsylvania society and politics, though some Swedes, Finns, and Dutch continued to hold public office. The end of Pontiacs War brought only a temporary halt to hostilities between European settlers and Indians, as colonists continued to push west. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed the Free School Law of 1834 to create the public school system. In 1841, Joseph Sturge commented "there is probably no city in the known world where dislike, amounting to the hatred of the coloured population, prevails more than in the city of brotherly love! Unlike the plantation colonies and New England, enslaved Indians were a very small part of the Delaware Valley workforce. The natives welcomed European traders, granting permission in 1624 for a short-lived Dutch settlement on Burlington Island and two years later permitting construction of Fort Nassau at Arwamus (later Gloucester, New Jersey) opposite the future site of Philadelphia. The new landowners did not share Penn's vision of a non-congested city. Legally and culturally many colonists created racial lines between whites, who could not be enslaved, and Africans and Indians who could be denied freedom and land. The Growth of the Colonies | Boundless US History - Course Hero Dilworth resigned to run for governor in 1962, and city council president James Tate was elected as the city's first Irish Catholic mayor. The Glorious Revolution of 1688: a. resulted mainly from the fears of English aristocrats that the birth of James II's son would lead to a Catholic succession. While Penn created no established religion, the Friends controlled the government through much of the colonial period. President Roosevelt sent troops to replace the striking workers. Harper's Magazine commented that "The one thing unforgivable in Philadelphia is to be new, to be different from what has been. Henry Hudson sails the Delaware August 28, 1609 An Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, Henry Hudson sails into the Delaware Bay and River. [106] Clark was succeeded by Richardson Dilworth, who continued the policies of his predecessor. In 1910, infighting between McNichol and the Vares contributed to the reform candidate, Rudolph Blankenburg, to be elected mayor. Soldiers broke up the riot, but five people died and 17 were injured. Slavery in Colonial America | American Battlefield Trust Philadelphia began preparing for invasion in 1863, but the Confederate Army was repelled by Union forces at Gettysburg.[63]. By the mid-seventeenth century, the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, later the site of Philadelphia, became the regions commercial center. Pomfret, John E. The Province of West New Jersey 1609-1702: A History of the Origins of an American Colony. Various reform efforts slowly changed city government; in 1950, a new city charter strengthened the position of mayor and weakened the Philadelphia City Council. Under the command of Peter Minuit, the company's first expedition sailed from Sweden late in 1637 in two ships, Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Gri. As had earlier settlers, the Burlington colonists brought smallpox that killed many natives. [24] An orderly change of government ensued, as was normal in an age used to the privileges and prerogatives of aristocracy and which antedated nationalism: the colonists pledged allegiance to Penn as their new Proprietor. Streets were laid out in a gridiron system.
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