What is Representative Democracy - Definition, Characteristics 2. The network can also learn which kinds are correlated with which, through forming lateral associative connections. It acts as a goal, on the basis of which the system selects, from a range of possibilities, a sequence of movements that is suitable for achieving that goal, performing a simple inference that also relies on descriptive representations about conditions in the environment. As described so far, no structural correspondence between cell activity and conditions in the environment is doing any work. Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do? Does women's descriptive representation matter for policy preferences Instead of gathering a large volume of data to identify patterns across time or location, case studies gather detailed data to identify the characteristics of a narrowly defined subject. These are arguably structural representations of spatial relations. That range may be very wide: O1vO2v On. She is currently reading for a Masters degree in English. Descriptive Statistics: Definition, Overview, Types, Example Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Political Science Association, https://doi.org/10.1017/S104909652100158X, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. "corePageComponentUseShareaholicInsteadOfAddThis": true, Propositional attitudes admit of other modes of representing in addition to the descriptive and the directive, for example supposing. A directive representation is satisfied when its condition comes to obtain. On this view it is constitutive of having directive content about output C not only that the system is disposed to bring about C, but that it is sensitive to whether C obtains, so that behaviour prompted by the representation should cease once the system detects that C does obtain (Dickie 2015, p. 282).5 Millikan makes this a criterion, not of having directive content at all, but of being a pure directive rather than a pushmi-pullyu representation (Millikan 2004). For example, the analogue magnitude system carries UE information about the numerosity of collections of objects, that correlation exists because of how the system is sensitive to objects in the world (4.6a), and the representations do indeed have descriptive content (about the number of objects presented). The rat doesnt put the locations into spatial relations. The descriptive and symbolic views of political representation describe the ways in which political representatives "stand for" the people they represent. Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. Analogue magnitude representations of numerosity are pure descriptives, as discussed in 7.2 above. When we look at human beliefs and desires we see further layers of sophistication, which go beyond simply having separate descriptive and directive representations. Descriptive representations are more tightly tied to inputsthey carry more information about world statesand directive representations are more tightly tied to outputsthey carry more information about acts.4. This study delineates on the conceptual interplay between political empowerment, agency, and gendered interest by drawing the contextual limits of how empowerment, agency, and women's voice are intertwined within the experiences of women in local politics. Consider a motor command which correlates with the production of a particular bodily movement, holding the right arm out horizontally. The account can readily be applied to the case studies based on UE information (Chapter 4) and UE structural correspondence (Chapter 5), with plausible consequences. The rest of the network is allowed to adjust, in the absence of input, to reach values that would produce this target state. Artiga suggests something similar when he says that decoupling is not just a causal matter, but that imperative representations are those that produce their behavioural results automatically (2014a, p. 5589). So, the important role of motor programs would be left out in the representational explanation of behaviour if we follow Prices definition. if the fact that the Ri produce relation H on the entities xi is part of an unmediated explanation of Ss performance of task functions Fj, then R1 has the directive content: produce H(x1,x2), Descriptive Content (based on UE structural correspondence). It is also possible to institute this type of representation by national electoral quotas by reserving candidate quotas for political parties. Activation of a place cell offline concerns the same condition C as when it is activated online with descriptive content (Chapter 5) or directive content (7.4 above), but it has a different overall content. Log In Sign Up . Cell A will now activate cell B even in the absence of sensory inputs to cell B, and the converse (in Ryders model learning produces bi-directional connections). Directive content about a target sets off a chain of simple inferences until the system arrives at directive content that it can execute (which thereby acts as an intention or motor program). Directive Content (based on UE structural correspondence). Although the accounts of content do not differentiate between descriptive and directive modes of representingnor need they do so in order for the obtaining or otherwise of the content-condition to explain success and failure of behaviourwe can supplement them so as to classify whether the exploitable relation plays a descriptive or directive role (or both, or neither). Describing the demographics of a country or region, Gauging public opinion on political and social topics, Evaluating satisfaction with a companys products or an organizations services. That is a role the motor command is supposed to play so it is a representation with directive content. That is a demanding constraint if it is taken to be a condition on having directive content at all, since it requires the system to have separate descriptive and directive representations about condition C, and to compare them. These compensatory adjustments are motor outputs, and a condition involved in explaining why they are stabilized is that the right arm is up (otherwise they would be a waste of effort and destabilize the body in the other direction). Difference Between Descriptive and Substantive Representation - Pediaa.Com Although our case studies are simpler, it is not obvious that they are restricted to only having the descriptive or directive mode of representing. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. 1. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. In both these forms, citizens of a state vote on representatives to create laws and policy on behalf of them. 1918). You do not currently have access to this chapter. (Artiga uses this conclusion to argue in favour of an account according to which only descriptive content is attributed to simple representations: p. The main difference between descriptive and substantive representation is the connection between the representatives and people. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Having The Voice and Gaining Agency: Substantive Representation of Women in Local Politics, Senem Yildirim (Bilkent University, Turkey). For present purposes, it can be assumed that the acts considered are simple, i.e., . Ryder shows how this network can be taken offline and used in a directive mode of operation (Ryder forthcoming). The behaviour it performs relies on the correspondence holding when it calculates a route. What happens here is that a group of people elects a representative who mirrors some of their own characteristics. Now I have offered two possible explanations for why the activity of an individual place cell offline does not have a correctness condition: because it is unsaturated (6.3) or because it has suppositional content (here). It transforms these into a register R in MT that correlates with the direction of motion of surfaces. one more definition is required, alongside a piece of notation . What is Descriptive Representation - IGI Global: International Academic My distinction tends to go along with this kind of decoupling. Description Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com The vehicle of a belief can be redeployed to form a corresponding desire, and vice versa. Chris Eliasmiths spiking neuron model for solving the Tower of Hanoi problem uses representations of relations amongst discs and calculates over these relations in working out which disc to move when (Eliasmith 2013, pp. It is then a structural representation with directive content. Where a comparator mechanism takes as input two vehicles and drives behaviour until they match, if the pattern of behaviour is such that one correlates strongly with the current state and the other with the output that tends to be produced, then the first will come out as descriptive and the second as directive (provided, as always, those correlations figure in an unmediated explanation of the systems performance of task functions). In the ALCOVE model (4.3), the output representations are also pushmi-pullyu. What is Representative Democracy Definition, Characteristics2. The plaid motion detection system (4.7) descriptively represents motion properties (in thick stripe V2) and chromatic properties (in thin stripe V2). The representations we have discussed so far have in fact come in two distinct kinds: those with descriptive content and those with directive content. Descriptive Statistics - Scribbr - Your path to academic success So, it would deny directive content in many of our simple cases, even when it is clear that it is the correlation with outputs that is explanatorily relevant, and whose coming to obtain (or not) explains the success or failure of behaviour.
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