Here we survey the genomes of three autochthonous white cattle breeds from Central Italy, Chianina, Romagnola, and Marchigiana. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to investigate the ordinal relationships between populations and individuals, using PLINK. J. Anim. Neurol. J. Biometeorol. Feeding high-energy rations starting early in life for extended periods generally increases marbling. We identified CW-7 (~1.6Mb) as the second strongest signal of indicine-derived introgression. Marbling, or intramuscular fat, is the primary factor determining USDA Quality Grade, an indicator of the palatability factors of tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Nat. Mamm. Sci. Google Scholar. Currently, more than 75 breeds can be registered in the United States. Among the three, Chianina is the only breed with no available accounts of introgressive crossbreeding. Importantly, ascertainment bias impacts frequency-based statistics to a larger extent than multi-locus (e.g., Admixture) and haplotype-based (e.g., PCAdmix) statistics64,65,66,67. Proc. Sci. Sci. There are some intermediates containing both Bos taurus and Bos indicus. Through centuries of exposure to inadequate food supplies, insect pests, parasites, diseases and the weather extremes of tropical India, the native cattle developed some remarkable adaptations for survival which cattle producers in the USA found useful and advantageous. In the Admixture analysis, estimates of CV decreased with increasing values of K from 1 to 16, with the main separation between B. taurus and B. indicus at K=2 (Supplementary Fig. Mol. PubMed Central J. Anim. Further, we studied the occurrence of the same signals in several breeds from East and West Europe. Cattle - Britannica Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing (2012). For a discussion of this topic, see E-187, Texas Adapted Genetic Strategies for Beef CattleII: Genetic-Environmental Interaction. 2), with the strongest signals recorded on BTA18 and BTA7 (Supplementary Fig. Sci. For each chromosome and haploid individual, this software scans the target genome using a sliding-window approach, determining the relative ancestry proportions to the utilised reference populations. However, although some indicine breeds were included in the BovineHD SNP array ascertainment panel, it is likely that our diversity results were impacted by ascertainment bias26. Proc. We then infer the adaptive potential of the introgressed genomic regions, along with their putative geographical origin. In hot, humid climates, cattle benefit from some Bos indicus or other tropical-adapted genetics. Genet. Beef Indicus (Bos Taurus Indicus) on the . Specialty breeds should be used where their particular combinations of unusual traits are needed. We identified genes which might become target of ad-hoc physiological studies and targets for selection (and potentially gene editing), and eventually contribute to reduced production cost, as well as environmental burden in livestock farming (e.g., lower greenhouse gas production). Biol. Sire choice is greatly influenced by types represented in a cow herd. Brahman | The Cattle Site Domestic cattle and buffaloes. . The Bos indicus group is used primarily to create hot-climate-adapted crossbred females with the highest levels of hybrid vigor and calving ease. Five genes: USP10, CRISPLD2, ZDHHC7, KIAA0513, and FAM92B (Table2), were identified within the top 5% selection in all the three Central Italian cattle breeds. Nine LAI analyses were performed for each target population using as reference breeds all the possible pairwise combinations of one taurine breed among Hereford, Fleckvieh, and Brown Swiss, and one indicine breed among Tharparkar, Gir, and Lohani. An approach to partially overcome such issue requires to i) perform multiple analyses with different populations/breeds as representative of a same reference, ii) and then pool the results and identify consensus signals of ancestry, as implemented in the Consistently Introgressed Windows of Interest (CIWI) framework37. Skelet. Buzanskas, M. E. et al. What is beef cattle known as European? Brahman Cattle - Breeds of Livestock This is not the actual volume of milk produced, which also is influenced by the cows nutrition and the calfs growth potential and nursing pressure. 1, Supplementary Figs. Science 324, 52832 (2009). Natl. 25, 89103 (2016). Production suffers when cattle are not adapted to climatic conditions. & Risch, N. Reconstructing genetic ancestry blocks in admixed individuals. These findings suggest that indicine-derived traits helped enhance Central Italian cattle through adaptive introgression. Marbling Selection signature analysis was performed on Chianina BTA18 and BTA7. Cattle of multibreed backgrounds can be estimated from the proportions of the constituent purebreds. Linkage disequilibrium pruning was performed using the indep-pairwise function in PLINK, where SNPs with r2>0.25 were removed from sliding windows of 50 SNPs and a step size of five SNPs. Effective population size (Ne) was estimated using SNeP v1.1142 applying sample size correction for phased genotypes, and Sved & Feldmans mutation rate modifier which performs well in inferring Ne for the most recent generations43. Article Signature of selection analysis did not show any evident selective sweep in CW-7 (Supplementary Fig. such as Texas longhorn cattle and a number of older European breeds. The demographic patterns (e.g., bottlenecks) of our sampled indicine populations could in principle explain this discrepancy. Easy-fleshing cattle tolerate periods of nutritional energy deficiency more easily and, therefore, may reproduce more consistently, but they also over fatten more readily in the feedyard unless properly managed. In practical terms, reference choice is tricky, as recent demographic histories of the reference breeds can lead to confounding results46. Our results lend support to the hypothesis of multiple routes of introgression sourcing from the East. 84, 34364 (2012). According to archaeological records at the time cattle reached southern Europe - and until 6,0004,000 YA - the Mediterranean climate was hotter and drier85. PubMed Central If you buy "beef" it is often left over cattle from the dairy industry. USP10 has been suggested to have a role in regulating gluconeogenesis69, a metabolic pathway involved in the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. In indicine cattle, high stature and relatively low body transversal diameters contribute to increase the body-surface/volume proportion, and together with dewlap, large ears and abundant and thin skin, to heat dissipation84. Classification and Breeds | Functional Traits | Breeds and Functional Types | Matching Levels | Using Functional Types. Bos indicus Linnaeus, 1758 - GBIF Hum. We used PCAdmix v1.046 to infer genomic local ancestry. List Of Bos Taurus Cattle. PubMed Published: 13 May 2022 DNA methylation may affect beef tenderness through signal transduction in Bos indicus Marcela Maria de Souza, Simone Cristina Mo Niciura, Marina Ibelli Pereira Rocha, Zhangyuan Pan, Huaijun Zhou, Jennifer Jessica Bruscadin, Wellison Jarles da Silva Diniz, Juliana Afonso, Priscila Silva Neubern de Oliveira, Gerson B. Mouro, We tested the two migration hypotheses using genotype data of seven cattle populations. . Bomba, L. et al. 79, 112 (2006). Barbato, M., Orozco-terWengel, P., Tapio, M. & Bruford, M. W. SNeP: a tool to estimate trends in recent effective population size trajectories using genome-wide SNP data. Genome-wide association for growth traits in Canchim beef cattle. Hence, it is likely for a genomic region with adaptive significance to host a selective sweep. Taxonomy ubro, a wisent and cattle hybrid Cattle were originally identified as three separate species: Bos taurus, the European or "taurine" cattle (including similar types from Africa and Asia); Bos indicus, the Indicine or "zebu"; and the extinct Bos primigenius, the aurochs. Article Adaptive introgression from indicine cattle into white cattle breeds Connecting Heat Tolerance and Tenderness in Bos indicus Influenced Cattle Gautier, M., Lalo, D. & Moazami-Goudarzi, K. Insights into the Genetic History of French Cattle from Dense SNP Data on 47 Worldwide Breeds. Further, nSL is well suited to detect selection in loci at low-medium frequency, as in incomplete sweeps on standing variation47,49. Sorbolini, S. et al. We explored the relevant levels of indicine component in Chianina, Romagnola, and Marchigiana by means of local ancestry inference, comparing these three breeds with nine reference combinations and applied the CIWIs framework to aggregate PCAdmix results (Figs. Barbato, M., Hailer, F., Upadhyay, M. et al. Sci. Effect of breed composition on phenotypic residual feed intake and growth in Angus, Brahman, and Angus Brahman crossbred cattle. 69, 681690 (2011). S4). Adaptability to hot climates is highest in cattle with Bos indicus inheritance, but some Bos taurus are reasonably heat tolerant. However, it often is difficult to keep dairy breeds and crosses in good flesh on typical rangeland or coarse pasture. Decker, J. E. et al. Kim, J. et al. Maternal use is appropriate, when nutrition is adequate, for the major breeds of this type to create females that are larger, more muscular, leaner, and heavier milking. Heavy-muscled types often are low in fleshing ability, so reproductive efficiency may be reduced. The bulls were likely used on cows of the European breeds and on the descendants of these crosses. European taurine cattle (Bos . bos taurus (european breeds_ and bos indicus ("Zebu" cattle) Did cows come from Europe or America? List of cattle breeds - Wikipedia Crossbreeding bos indicus and bos taurus for milk production in the tropics Evol. Tang, H. et al. Genet. Among the East European breeds, CW-7 was again identified in Busha and Romanian grey, whereas Boskarin did not show signal for either CW-7 or CW-18. Comp. 31, 28247 (2014). Martello, L. S., da Luz e Silva, S., da Costa Gomes, R., da Silva Corte, R. R. P. & Leme, P. R. Infrared thermography as a tool to evaluate body surface temperature and its relationship with feed efficiency in Bos indicus cattle in tropical conditions. american cuisine - What cattle do we get our "beef" from in the US American breeds are widely applicable, especially for, but not limited to, hot climates. A fundamental challenge in commercial beef production is to match genetic capability with climatic, nutritional, management, and market conditions. Maximum likelihood analysis of population structure was conducted using Admixture v1.3.045 for K values from 2 to 16, the latter corresponding to the total number of breeds sampled in our study. Commun. With the exclusion of USP10 all of these genes have previously been associated with residual feed intake (RFI) in indicine cattle52. 8, e1002641 (2012). The strongest CIWI signal was recorded on BTA18 between 10.80 and 11.74Mb (CW-18), with the highest values recorded in Chianina (Supplementary Fig. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Although higher milking females, even large ones, often reach puberty and conceive when relatively young, subsequent fertility can suffer because they may become thin after beginning lactation. Sermyagin, A. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 10, e1001258 (2012). The three indicine breeds (Tharparkar, Lohani and Gir) recorded the lowest Ho values (0.190.22; Table1). In our dataset, genetic diversity of indicine breeds appears lower than that of European breeds (Table1). 131, 14 (2014). Ferrer-Admetlla, A., Liang, M., Korneliussen, T. & Nielsen, R. On Detecting Incomplete Soft or Hard Selective Sweeps Using Haplotype Structure. 3038 (Cambridge University Press), https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139568098.005 (2013). Ecol. Admixture analysis at K=2 split the dataset into three groups showing taurine, indicine and taurine x indicine ancestries (Fig. At K=3 the African taurine component was identified; this cluster was found in African taurine NDama and comprised 3047% of total ancestry of the two Sanga breeds Ankole-Watussi and Nganda (Fig. Out of the 18 genes included within this genomic region only three (H2AFY, NEUROG1, and CXCL14) were shared by all the Central Italian cattle breeds in the top 5% selection (Table2). 274, 11759 (2007). Albrechtsen, A., Nielsen, F. C. & Nielsen, R. Ascertainment biases in SNP chips affect measures of population divergence. Further, selection signals overlapped with CIWI signals identified in BTA1 and BTA24 (Supplementary Fig. Metab. The authors declare no competing interests. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. 38, 31533173 (2011). Marbling Article Assessment of adaptability of zebu cattle (Bos indicus) breeds in two different climatic conditions: using cytogenetic techniques on genome integrity. Using CW-18 and CW-7 as markers in several Iberian and Eastern European breeds we traced the origin of the indicine-derived components in the Central Italian white cattle breeds. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57880-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57880-4. Some intermediates created in the United States, particularly in Texas, are commonly referred to as American breeds, which will be discussed later. Deciphering the patterns of genetic admixture and diversity in southern European cattle using Genome-wide SNPs. Also, breeds extreme in specific functional traits usually should be combined with complementing types in a synergistic crossbreeding plan. Data were phased using SHAPEIT v2.r79041. Chen, N. et al. Am. Effect of L-carnitine on the hepatic transcript profile in piglets as animal model. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. For both genomic regions, we recovered a signal of indicine (rather than African taurine) ancestry, overlapping with CW-18, and a partial overlap with the CW-7 (Supplementary Fig. Flori, L. et al. Smaller cows and higher milking types usually mature earlier, whereas Bos indicus mature relatively late. (UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS, 2015). See Table1 for breed labels. 6, 68 (2015). PubMed BMC Genomics 19, 22 (2018). Genet. Cattle adapted to tropical and subtropical environments: social 27, 16 (2010). One example are the geographically widespread Podolian cattle breeds22, whose name refers to their presumed origin in Moldova/Western Ukraine. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Luigi, L., Menozzi, P. & Piazza, A. Bos primigenus taurus (taurine) is largely of European descent and typically best adapted to temperate zones. USA 110, E1398406 (2013). Unlike most types, British Beef breeds can be logically straightbred for commercial production. PubMed However, calves by Bos indicus sires out of Bos taurus dams often are relatively large, so calving may be more difficult. The various functional types have these general uses: British beef are widely applicable, with some limits in tropical and subtropical climates. The first cows brought to the Americas by explorer Christopher Columbus originated from two extinct wild beasts from India and Europe, a new genetic analysis shows. PubMed Calves from dams containing Bos indicus inheritance are relatively small at birth, usually resulting in few difficulties in calving. Bos indicus (also known as zebu or humped) cattle are heat tolerant and parasite resistant, which is advantageous in hot, humid climates. Breed labels are available in Table1. However, as a species, cattle are not threatened. 81, 55975 (2007). Genet., https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12409 (2016). Prod. J. Morphology has a relevant effect on the ability to adapt to different climates. A Bos indicus -influenced female with characteristically long ears and a large dewlap. Genet. Reference choice is key, along with sufficiently dense data along the chromosomes, to allow reliable ancestry inference37,46. J. Hum. Are American Cows Different From European Cows? Mol. Article Biol. Front. Additionally, historical records dating back to Roman times mention the presence of thick-set and powerful cattle in Etruria and Latium and the use of white large cattle in ritual parades since Roman times (Columella, De Re Rustica, VI, 1362,81). Animals with lighter colored, short hair coats and dark skin are best adapted. 127, 19 (2000). Muscle 4, 112 (2014). The process of domestication. We identified signals of indicine ancestry at genes that in indicine breeds are associated with feeding efficiency. Vajana, E. et al. A genomic map of climate adaptation in Mediterranean cattle breeds. S4), we identified four putative genes (KLHL36, USP10, KIAA0513, and FAM92B) which appear to have been the target of positive selection. While Bos indicus types reach puberty relatively late, their productive life is usually longer. Summary Together with their sister subspecies Bos taurus, zebu cattle (Bos indicus) have contributed to important socioeconomic changes that have shaped modern civilizations. Cutability, or the percentage of lean, is usually evaluated in beef carcasses as USDA Yield Grade. Genome-wide scan for selection signatures in six cattle breeds in South Africa. Hegarty, R. S., Goopy, J. P., Herd, R. M. & McCorkell, B. ADW: Bos taurus: INFORMATION - Welcome to nginx! By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. In 2011, Colin Groves and Peter Grubb classified it as a distinct species again. Hence, it is possible that the use of Chianina ancestors in public displays as ritual animals might have been one of the factors contributing to Chianina stature, as both large and tall animals were probably preferred and selected. While the CW-18 signal identified in the Central Italian cattle breeds might result from a separate migration route (e.g., via a sea migration from the eastern Mediterranean region ~3,000 YA as suggested by mitochondrial analysis, or following the silk road route 2,000 years later87,88), single admixture scenarios coupled with founder effects could also explain the obtained results. Bos indicus and most heavy-muscled, lowmilking types have relatively low marbling. Animal, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118001489 (2018). Genet. Similarly, no signal was detected corresponding to CW-7 and CW-18 among the Iberian breeds. J. Biometeorol. Animals poorly adapted to their environment generally are low in fleshing ability. Livest. 6, 16 (2015). Both genomic regions were identified as putatively introgressed in Maremmana and Podolica. CAS Anim. 1). As might be expected, animals tolerant to hot climates are less adapted to cold. Whole-genome SNP analysis elucidates the genetic structure of Russian cattle and its relationship with Eurasian taurine breeds. . Hedrick, P. W. Adaptive introgression in animals: examples and comparison to new mutation and standing variation as sources of adaptive variation. A. Estimation of historical effective population size using linkage disequilibria with marker data. M.B. A high density of efficient sweat glands increases the loss of heat through evaporation, and the short, sleek coat facilitates the convection to the surrounding air. To further investigate the origin of BTA7 and BTA18 introgression, these regions were tested in Chianina using PCAdmix/CIWIs with the three indicine references (Tharparkar, Lohani, Gir), and one African taurine reference provided by 25 non-admixed NDama individuals (Fig. The strong signal we recorded for CW-18 was common to all the analysed Italian breeds (Chianina, Marchigiana, Romagnola, Maremmana, and Podolica), but was not present in any of the Iberian (Lidia and Cardena) or Eastern European breeds (Busha, Romanian Grey, and Boskarin). When genetic types or breeds are compared for differences in cutability, it is assumed that the breeds have similar nutrition levels. Genet. Cutability depends on relative amounts of fat (which varies greatly), muscle, and bone (which varies least). Chen, S. et al. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Early imports were followed by hybridization with the Bos javanicus subspecies of cattle. PubMed [1] The zebu was classified as a distinct species by Juliet Clutton-Brock in 1999, [4] [5] but as a subspecies of the domestic cattle, Bos taurus indicus, by Peter Grubb in 2005. SNPs located on sex chromosomes or with unknown map positions were removed. PLoS One 13, e0192567 (2018). S1a. Detection of selection signatures in Piemontese and Marchigiana cattle, two breeds with similar production aptitudes but different selection histories. Evidence of Bos javanicus x Bos indicus hybridization and major QTLs Kumar, A. et al. Although it has no strict definition, a breed can be described as animals of common origin with certain distinguishing characteristics that are passed from parent to offspring. PLoS One 5, e13038 (2010). . Blood samples from 16 Chianina, 13 Marchigiana and 30 Romagnola individuals were provided by ANABIC Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani Carne (http://www.anabic.it/). As with Continental Beef, these are best used as terminal sires. Sanderson, J., Sudoyo, H., Karafet, T. M., Hammer, M. F. & Cox, M. P. Reconstructing Past Admixture Processes from Local Genomic Ancestry Using Wavelet Transformation. Basic Animal Science Flashcards - Learning tools, flashcards, and Genomic characterization of Pinzgau cattle: genetic conservation and breeding perspectives. Table 1 lists the characteristics of the major breeds of cattle in Texasthose most numerous or most familiar in the stateby estimates of purebred breed-wide averages. Article S3). Beef cattle - Wikipedia The three autochthonous Italian breeds remained in a joint Admixture cluster until K=4, but at higher values of K the divergence of Romagnola from Chianina and Marchigiana is apparent (Supplementary Figs. Basic Animal Science Flashcards - Learning tools, flashcards, and 85, 14791486 (2007). Beef Taurus (Bos Taurus Taurus) refers to cattle of European origins. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Demography and rapid local adaptation shape Creole cattle genome diversity in the tropics. African taurine recorded similar values (range 120175). 9, 2337 (2018). Do not straightbreed or cross these breeds with other cattle containing Bos indicus unless there is no other logical choice due to persistently hot and humid climatic conditions. Chianina, Romagnola, and Marchigiana cattle were historically used mostly for draught, and coped well in rough terrain and poor quality pastures. There is much genetic variation within functional types and breeds. Although there are exceptions, weight at all ages tends to be positively relatedcattle heavier at birth tend to be heavier throughout life. Evol. (B) CIWI results for the same chromosome. 22, 46064618 (2013). M.B. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12641 (2018). Admixture plot comprising clustering solutions (K=23) for 16 cattle breeds, based on 647,132 SNPs from the BovineHD SNPChip. Breed Spotlight: Brahman Cattle | Livestock Nerd - Sites at Penn State Accuracy of prediction of genomic breeding values for residual feed intake and carcass and meat quality traits in Bos taurus, Bos indicus, and composite beef cattle1. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139568098.005, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118001489, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-017-0935-9, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Genetic improvement of economic traits in Murrah buffalo using significant SNPs from genome-wide association study, Assessing Bos taurus introgression in the UOA Bos indicus assembly, On the origin and diversification of Podolian cattle breeds: testing scenarios of European colonization using genome-wide SNP data, Deleterious protein-coding variants in diverse cattle breeds of the world, The climatic and genetic heritage of Italian goat breeds with genomic SNP data, Cancel Purcell, S. et al. A., Felius, M. & Theunissen, B. Proc. Article RFI is defined as the difference between actual feed intake and the feed intake required to meet maintenance requirements and growth, and reflects the ability of an animal to process food more efficiently and consequently thrive on poor fodder52,71. Here we combine local ancestry analysis and the CIWI framework and provide the first evidence for adaptive introgression of alleles of indicine-derived ancestry into Central Italian white cattle breeds. Google Scholar. Evol. Google Scholar. Observed heterozygosity values were calculated using custom scripts. Nat. Mackinnon, M. J., Meyer, K. & Hetzel, D. J. S. Genetic variation and covariation for growth, parasite resistance and heat tolerance in tropical cattle. Appropriate functional levels can differ, depending on the breeding system implemented. Am. 8, 110 (2011). The history and geography of human genes. Google Scholar. Elzo, M. A. et al. developed the analytical and informatics methods and drafted the manuscript. Beef Cattle Flashcards - Learning tools, flashcards, and textbook solutions SNP pruning of genotype data was performed using PLINK v1.740. In the terminology used to describe the sex and age of cattle, the male is first a bull calf and if left intact becomes a bull; if castrated he becomes a steer and in about two or three years grows to an ox. However, signals for positive selection have previously been identified for the same genomic region in Pingzauer80. Zeder, M. A. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. McTavish, E. J., Decker, J. E., Schnabel, R. D., Taylor, J. F. & Hillis, D. M. New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) Tang, H., Coram, M., Wang, P., Zhu, X. Int. S4). Mol. Genome-wide analyses have provided evidence that several southern European breeds contain ancestry from both African taurine and indicine lineages15,21. These genotype data were merged with data used in the previous analysis and submitted to LAI using the same set of nine reference combinations as previously described. The term "zebu" derives from the . Further investigations with more extensive sampling of local cattle populations will therefore be required to firmly assess these scenarios. The Genome Landscape of Tibetan Sheep Reveals Adaptive Introgression from Argali and the History of Early Human Settlements on the QinghaiTibetan Plateau. Bos Taurus beef cattle known as European Ruminant animals with a four-compartment stomach Byproduct product remaining after the animal carcass has been processed Gelding castrated male horse Lanolin Brahman Bull Since there are records of less than 300 imported Brahmans, mostly bulls, it is assumed that other breeds supplied the foundation animals for the Brahman breed. For beef production, dairy types are used primarily to create early-maturing, high-milking females without increasing muscle. & Lange, K. Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals. Only $35.99/year Beef Cattle Breeds - British, European, Zebu Flashcards Learn Test Match Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by DaSmoosh Terms in this set (35) breed an animal that, through selection and breeding, have come to resemble one another and pass those traits uniformly to their offspring. PDF Bos indicus - Extension
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